<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ownershipDocument>

    <schemaVersion>X0306</schemaVersion>

    <documentType>4</documentType>

    <periodOfReport>2016-10-28</periodOfReport>

    <notSubjectToSection16>0</notSubjectToSection16>

    <issuer>
        <issuerCik>0001412347</issuerCik>
        <issuerName>Westmoreland Resource Partners, LP</issuerName>
        <issuerTradingSymbol>WMLP</issuerTradingSymbol>
    </issuer>

    <reportingOwner>
        <reportingOwnerId>
            <rptOwnerCik>0000106455</rptOwnerCik>
            <rptOwnerName>WESTMORELAND COAL Co</rptOwnerName>
        </reportingOwnerId>
        <reportingOwnerAddress>
            <rptOwnerStreet1>9540 SOUTH MAROON CIRCLE, SUITE 200</rptOwnerStreet1>
            <rptOwnerStreet2></rptOwnerStreet2>
            <rptOwnerCity>ENGLEWOOD</rptOwnerCity>
            <rptOwnerState>CO</rptOwnerState>
            <rptOwnerZipCode>80112</rptOwnerZipCode>
            <rptOwnerStateDescription></rptOwnerStateDescription>
        </reportingOwnerAddress>
        <reportingOwnerRelationship>
            <isDirector>1</isDirector>
            <isOfficer>0</isOfficer>
            <isTenPercentOwner>1</isTenPercentOwner>
            <isOther>0</isOther>
            <officerTitle></officerTitle>
            <otherText></otherText>
        </reportingOwnerRelationship>
    </reportingOwner>

    <nonDerivativeTable>
        <nonDerivativeTransaction>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Units (representing limited partner interests)</value>
            </securityTitle>
            <transactionDate>
                <value>2016-10-28</value>
            </transactionDate>
            <transactionCoding>
                <transactionFormType>4</transactionFormType>
                <transactionCode>J</transactionCode>
                <equitySwapInvolved>0</equitySwapInvolved>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
            </transactionCoding>
            <transactionAmounts>
                <transactionShares>
                    <value>4512500</value>
                </transactionShares>
                <transactionPricePerShare>
                    <value>0</value>
                </transactionPricePerShare>
                <transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
                    <value>D</value>
                </transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
            </transactionAmounts>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>0</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>D</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeTransaction>
    </nonDerivativeTable>

    <derivativeTable>
        <derivativeTransaction>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Series B Convertible Units</value>
            </securityTitle>
            <conversionOrExercisePrice>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </conversionOrExercisePrice>
            <transactionDate>
                <value>2016-10-28</value>
            </transactionDate>
            <transactionCoding>
                <transactionFormType>4</transactionFormType>
                <transactionCode>J</transactionCode>
                <equitySwapInvolved>0</equitySwapInvolved>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
            </transactionCoding>
            <transactionAmounts>
                <transactionShares>
                    <value>4512500</value>
                </transactionShares>
                <transactionPricePerShare>
                    <value>0</value>
                </transactionPricePerShare>
                <transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
                    <value>A</value>
                </transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
            </transactionAmounts>
            <exerciseDate>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </exerciseDate>
            <expirationDate>
                <footnoteId id="F3"/>
            </expirationDate>
            <underlyingSecurity>
                <underlyingSecurityTitle>
                    <value>Common Units (representing limited partner interests)</value>
                </underlyingSecurityTitle>
                <underlyingSecurityShares>
                    <value>4512500.0</value>
                </underlyingSecurityShares>
            </underlyingSecurity>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>4512500</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>D</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </derivativeTransaction>
    </derivativeTable>

    <footnotes>
        <footnote id="F1">On October 28, 2016, the reporting person enetered into a Unit Exchange Agreement whereby it exchanged 4,512,500 Common Units of the Issuer for 4,512,500 Series B Units of the Issuer. Series B Units do not have rights to distributions of the Issuer.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F2">The Series B Units are convertible into Common Units, on a one-for-one basis (i) at the option of the holder, the day after the record date for a cash distribution on the common units in which Westmoreland Resource Partners, LP, is unable to make such a distribution without exceeding its restricted payment basket under its Financing Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2014, by and among Oxford Mining Company, LLC, Westmoreland Resource Partners, LP and each of its other subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, or upon (ii) a change of control, liquidation event or dissolution of the Issuer.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F3">The Series B Units have no expiration date.</footnote>
    </footnotes>

    <remarks>The Reporting Person owns 100% of Westmoreland Resources GP, LLC, the general partner of the Issuer, and approximately 93.8% of the Issuer's Common Units on a fully diluted basis.</remarks>

    <ownerSignature>
        <signatureName>/s/ Jennifer S. Grafton, Corporate Secretary on behalf of Westmoreland Coal Company</signatureName>
        <signatureDate>2016-11-01</signatureDate>
    </ownerSignature>
</ownershipDocument>
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X0306
4
2016-10-28
0
0001412347
Westmoreland Resource Partners, LP
WMLP
0000106455
WESTMORELAND COAL Co
9540 SOUTH MAROON CIRCLE, SUITE 200
ENGLEWOOD
CO
80112
1
0
1
0
Common Units (representing limited partner interests)
2016-10-28
4
J
0
4512500
0
D
0
D
Series B Convertible Units
2016-10-28
4
J
0
4512500
0
A
Common Units (representing limited partner interests)
4512500.0
4512500
D
On October 28, 2016, the reporting person enetered into a Unit Exchange Agreement whereby it exchanged 4,512,500 Common Units of the Issuer for 4,512,500 Series B Units of the Issuer. Series B Units do not have rights to distributions of the Issuer.
The Series B Units are convertible into Common Units, on a one-for-one basis (i) at the option of the holder, the day after the record date for a cash distribution on the common units in which Westmoreland Resource Partners, LP, is unable to make such a distribution without exceeding its restricted payment basket under its Financing Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2014, by and among Oxford Mining Company, LLC, Westmoreland Resource Partners, LP and each of its other subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, or upon (ii) a change of control, liquidation event or dissolution of the Issuer.
The Series B Units have no expiration date.
The Reporting Person owns 100% of Westmoreland Resources GP, LLC, the general partner of the Issuer, and approximately 93.8% of the Issuer's Common Units on a fully diluted basis.
/s/ Jennifer S. Grafton, Corporate Secretary on behalf of Westmoreland Coal Company
2016-11-01