<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ownershipDocument>

    <schemaVersion>X0306</schemaVersion>

    <documentType>4</documentType>

    <periodOfReport>2016-11-14</periodOfReport>

    <notSubjectToSection16>0</notSubjectToSection16>

    <issuer>
        <issuerCik>0001412347</issuerCik>
        <issuerName>Westmoreland Resource Partners, LP</issuerName>
        <issuerTradingSymbol>WMLP</issuerTradingSymbol>
    </issuer>

    <reportingOwner>
        <reportingOwnerId>
            <rptOwnerCik>0000106455</rptOwnerCik>
            <rptOwnerName>WESTMORELAND COAL Co</rptOwnerName>
        </reportingOwnerId>
        <reportingOwnerAddress>
            <rptOwnerStreet1>9540 SOUTH MAROON CIRCLE, SUITE 300</rptOwnerStreet1>
            <rptOwnerStreet2></rptOwnerStreet2>
            <rptOwnerCity>ENGLEWOOD</rptOwnerCity>
            <rptOwnerState>CO</rptOwnerState>
            <rptOwnerZipCode>80112</rptOwnerZipCode>
            <rptOwnerStateDescription></rptOwnerStateDescription>
        </reportingOwnerAddress>
        <reportingOwnerRelationship>
            <isDirector>1</isDirector>
            <isOfficer>0</isOfficer>
            <isTenPercentOwner>1</isTenPercentOwner>
            <isOther>0</isOther>
            <officerTitle></officerTitle>
            <otherText></otherText>
        </reportingOwnerRelationship>
    </reportingOwner>

    <nonDerivativeTable></nonDerivativeTable>

    <derivativeTable>
        <derivativeTransaction>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Series A Convertible Units</value>
            </securityTitle>
            <conversionOrExercisePrice>
                <value>7.54</value>
            </conversionOrExercisePrice>
            <transactionDate>
                <value>2016-11-14</value>
            </transactionDate>
            <transactionCoding>
                <transactionFormType>4</transactionFormType>
                <transactionCode>A</transactionCode>
                <equitySwapInvolved>0</equitySwapInvolved>
            </transactionCoding>
            <transactionAmounts>
                <transactionShares>
                    <value>276792</value>
                </transactionShares>
                <transactionPricePerShare>
                    <value>7.54</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F3"/>
                </transactionPricePerShare>
                <transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
                    <value>A</value>
                </transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
            </transactionAmounts>
            <exerciseDate>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
            </exerciseDate>
            <expirationDate>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </expirationDate>
            <underlyingSecurity>
                <underlyingSecurityTitle>
                    <value>Common Units (representing limited partner interests)</value>
                </underlyingSecurityTitle>
                <underlyingSecurityShares>
                    <value>276792.0</value>
                </underlyingSecurityShares>
            </underlyingSecurity>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>15933343</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>D</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </derivativeTransaction>
    </derivativeTable>

    <footnotes>
        <footnote id="F1">The Series A Convertible Units are convertible into common units representing limited partner interests in the Issuer (&quot;Common Units&quot;) on a one-for-one basis upon the earlier of (a) the date on which the Issuer makes a regular quarterly cash distribution with respect to any quarter to folders of Common Units in an amount equal to at least $0.22 per Common Unit, or (b) a change of control of the Issuer.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F2">The Series A Convertible Units have no expiration date.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F3">The Series A Convertible Units were issued as payment in lieu of a quarterly cash distribution, in accordance with Section 5.14 of the Issuer's Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership, as amended.</footnote>
    </footnotes>

    <remarks>The Reporting Person owns 100% of Westmoreland Resources GP, LLC, the general partner of the Issuer, and approximately 93.9% of the Issuer's Common Units on a fully diluted basis.</remarks>

    <ownerSignature>
        <signatureName>/s/ Jennifer S. Grafton, Corporate Secretary on behalf of Westmoreland Coal Company</signatureName>
        <signatureDate>2016-12-09</signatureDate>
    </ownerSignature>
</ownershipDocument>
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X0306
4
2016-11-14
0
0001412347
Westmoreland Resource Partners, LP
WMLP
0000106455
WESTMORELAND COAL Co
9540 SOUTH MAROON CIRCLE, SUITE 300
ENGLEWOOD
CO
80112
1
0
1
0
Series A Convertible Units
7.54
2016-11-14
4
A
0
276792
7.54
A
Common Units (representing limited partner interests)
276792.0
15933343
D
The Series A Convertible Units are convertible into common units representing limited partner interests in the Issuer ("Common Units") on a one-for-one basis upon the earlier of (a) the date on which the Issuer makes a regular quarterly cash distribution with respect to any quarter to folders of Common Units in an amount equal to at least $0.22 per Common Unit, or (b) a change of control of the Issuer.
The Series A Convertible Units have no expiration date.
The Series A Convertible Units were issued as payment in lieu of a quarterly cash distribution, in accordance with Section 5.14 of the Issuer's Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership, as amended.
The Reporting Person owns 100% of Westmoreland Resources GP, LLC, the general partner of the Issuer, and approximately 93.9% of the Issuer's Common Units on a fully diluted basis.
/s/ Jennifer S. Grafton, Corporate Secretary on behalf of Westmoreland Coal Company
2016-12-09