Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B EU AI Act NL

Fine-tuned Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B for Dutch/English retrieval on EU AI Act documentation. Supports Matryoshka embeddings (1024, 768, 512, 256, 128, 64 dimensions) for flexible speed/quality tradeoffs.

Model Details

Base model: Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B
Architecture: Decoder-based (Qwen3), last-token pooling, left padding
Training approach: Two-stage fine-tuning
- Stage 1: CachedMNRL + Matryoshka on synthetic query-chunk pairs
- Stage 2: CachedMNRL + Matryoshka with hard negatives mined from Stage 1 model
Dataset: 1,944 synthetic queries generated from EU AI Act chunks (Dutch/English)
Hardware: NVIDIA RTX 5090 (32GB VRAM, Blackwell)
Precision: bf16 + SDPA

Performance

Evaluated on 340 held-out queries across 85 chunks. All metrics measured with cosine similarity.

NDCG@10 across Matryoshka dimensions

Dim	Zero-shot	Stage 1	Stage 2	Delta (ZS to S2)
1024	0.8013	0.9419	0.9467	+0.1454
768	0.8109	0.9452	0.9479	+0.1370
512	0.8043	0.9427	0.9449	+0.1406
256	0.7691	0.9343	0.9412	+0.1721
128	0.7358	0.9154	0.9163	+0.1805
64	0.6727	0.8907	0.8854	+0.2127

Full metrics at dim=1024

Metric	Zero-shot	Stage 2	Delta
NDCG@10	0.8013	0.9467	+0.1454
MRR@10	0.7605	0.9340	+0.1735
MAP@100	0.7638	0.9348	+0.1710
Accuracy@1	0.6794	0.9000	+0.2206
Accuracy@3	0.8088	0.9618	+0.1530
Accuracy@5	0.8706	0.9735	+0.1029
Accuracy@10	0.9294	0.9853	+0.0559
Recall@10	0.9294	0.9853	+0.0559

Usage

Installation

pip install sentence-transformers>=2.7.0 transformers>=4.51.0

Basic usage

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

model = SentenceTransformer("danielnoumon/qwen3-embedding-0.6b-ai-act-nl")

# Qwen3 uses instruct prompts for queries, no prefix for documents
queries = model.encode(
    ["What are the obligations for high-risk AI systems?"],
    prompt="Instruct: Given a question about EU AI regulation, retrieve the most relevant passage\nQuery:",
)
passages = model.encode([
    "High-risk AI systems must comply with requirements in Chapter III...",
    "The AI Act defines prohibited practices in Article 5...",
])

# Compute similarity
from sentence_transformers.util import cos_sim
scores = cos_sim(queries, passages)

Matryoshka embeddings (dimension truncation)

# Encode with full 1024 dimensions
embeddings_1024 = model.encode(queries)

# Truncate to 256 dimensions for faster search
embeddings_256 = embeddings_1024[:, :256]

# Or specify dimension at encoding time
model.truncate_dim = 256
embeddings_256 = model.encode(queries)

Speed vs quality tradeoff:

dim=1024: Best quality (NDCG@10 = 0.947)
dim=256: 75% faster, 99.4% of quality (NDCG@10 = 0.941)
dim=64: 94% faster, 93.5% of quality (NDCG@10 = 0.885)

Important: Use instruct prompts

Qwen3 uses instruction-based prompting. Queries need the instruct prefix, documents do not:

# Queries: use instruct prompt
query_emb = model.encode(
    ["your question here"],
    prompt="Instruct: Given a question about EU AI regulation, retrieve the most relevant passage\nQuery:",
)

# Documents: no prefix needed
doc_emb = model.encode(["your document here"])

Training Details

Stage 1: CachedMNRL + Matryoshka

Loss: MatryoshkaLoss(CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss)
Matryoshka dims: [1024, 768, 512, 256, 128, 64]
Batch size: 128 (GradCache), mini-batch 4
Learning rate: 2e-5
Epochs: 3
Negatives: 127 in-batch negatives per query (via GradCache)
Precision: bf16 + SDPA

Stage 2: Hard negatives

Starting point: Stage 1 checkpoint
Hard negative mining: Top-1 most similar wrong chunk per query (using Stage 1 model)
Learning rate: 1e-5 (lower to prevent catastrophic forgetting)
Epochs: 2
Batch size: 128 (GradCache), mini-batch 4
Negatives: 1 explicit hard negative + 127 in-batch negatives

Dataset

Dataset: danielnoumon/eu-ai-act-nl-queries
Train: 1,944 synthetic query-chunk pairs
Eval: 340 queries x 85 chunks
Split strategy: Chunk-level (no chunk appears in both train and eval)
Query generation: Azure OpenAI GPT-4o-mini with structured prompts

Hardware Notes

bf16 works on Blackwell (RTX 5090) with Qwen3
Qwen3's RMSNorm upcasts to fp32 internally, limiting micro-batch size
CachedMNRL (GradCache) essential for fitting large contrastive pools in 32GB VRAM
flash_attention_2 recommended but not required (sdpa works as fallback)

Limitations

Domain-specific: Fine-tuned on EU AI Act documentation. Performance on other domains may vary.
Language: Optimized for Dutch and English. Other languages supported by the base model may work but are not evaluated.
Chunk size: Trained on chunks up to 512 tokens. Very long documents should be chunked.

License

Apache 2.0

Citation

@misc{qwen3embedding,
    title={Qwen3-Embedding: Advancing Text Embeddings with Qwen3},
    author={Qwen Team},
    year={2025},
    url={https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B}
}

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}