P0L3/CliReNER_v_1_1_28_SILVER · Datasets at Hugging Face

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159	Additionally, uncertainties in areas with a low density of weather stations remain a challenge, especially sparse data in mountainous regions where heterogenous topography contributes to local variation in climate (Bobrowski et al., 2021).	[ "Additionally", ",", "uncertainties", "in", "areas", "with", "a", "low", "density", "of", "weather", "stations", "remain", "a", "challenge", ",", "especially", "sparse", "data", "in", "mountainous", "regions", "where", "heterogenous", "topography", "contributes", ...	[ 0, 0, 49, 0, 21, 0, 0, 49, 49, 0, 25, 26, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0, 17, 18, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 21, 49, 0, 53, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0 ]
160	In the absence of changes to solar insolation or windspeed, potential evapotranspiration and atmospheric evaporative demand relate to vapour pressure deficit (VPD), or the “drying power of the air,” measured as the difference between actual water vapour and vapour pressure saturation (VPsat) (Penman, 1948; Monteith, 19...	[ "In", "the", "absence", "of", "changes", "to", "solar", "insolation", "or", "windspeed", ",", "potential", "evapotranspiration", "and", "atmospheric", "evaporative", "demand", "relate", "to", "vapour", "pressure", "deficit", "(", "VPD", ")", ",", "or", "the", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 23, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 5...
161	Weather data used in our analysis reflect this climatic variability at small spatial scales, and we compared cloud forests (n = 8) in a 2° × 2° gridded area between 5°–7°S and 77–79°W to regional weather stations within 100 km (n = 32–46) (Figure 2a).	[ "Weather", "data", "used", "in", "our", "analysis", "reflect", "this", "climatic", "variability", "at", "small", "spatial", "scales", ",", "and", "we", "compared", "cloud", "forests", "(", "n", "=", "8", ")", "in", "a", "2", "°", "×", "2", "°", "gridde...	[ 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 49, 49, 50, 0, 0, 41, 0, 11, 12, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 21, 22, 0, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 0, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 0, 25, 26, 26, 0, 49, 50, 0, 49, ...
164	Although the major paved east–west road from Chiclayo to Tarapoto crosses at the low point of the Andes, transportation regularly shuts down in March and April, isolating mountain cities such as Chachapoyas.	[ "Although", "the", "major", "paved", "east", "–", "west", "road", "from", "Chiclayo", "to", "Tarapoto", "crosses", "at", "the", "low", "point", "of", "the", "Andes", ",", "transportation", "regularly", "shuts", "down", "in", "March", "and", "April", ",", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 43, 44, 44, 44, 44, 0, 21, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 21, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 0, 55, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 21, 0 ]
165	The goal of the current study was to assess the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and heavy metal absorption (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ni) potential by ten selected trees planted along the roadside in the metropolitan city of Lahore, Pakistan.	[ "The", "goal", "of", "the", "current", "study", "was", "to", "assess", "the", "Air", "Pollution", "Tolerance", "Index", "(", "APTI", ")", "and", "heavy", "metal", "absorption", "(", "Pb", ",", "Cd", ",", "Zn", ",", "and", "Ni", ")", "potential", "by", ...	[ 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 45, 46, 46, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 0, 7, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 21, 0, 21, 0 ]
166	APTI was estimated on the basis of biochemical parameters (chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid, pH and relative water contents) of plant extract, while heavy metals (HMs) accumulation potential was measured by a digestion method.	[ "APTI", "was", "estimated", "on", "the", "basis", "of", "biochemical", "parameters", "(", "chlorophyll", "content", ",", "ascorbic", "acid", ",", "pH", "and", "relative", "water", "contents", ")", "of", "plant", "extract", ",", "while", "heavy", "metals", "(...	[ 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 49, 50, 0, 49, 50, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0 ]
167	The highest APTI was estimated in P. longifolia (78.9), followed by A. scholarils (75.9) and M. indica (71.9).	[ "The", "highest", "APTI", "was", "estimated", "in", "P", ".", "longifolia", "(", "78", ".", "9", ")", ",", "followed", "by", "A", ".", "scholarils", "(", "75", ".", "9", ")", "and", "M", ".", "indica", "(", "71", ".", "9", ")", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0 ]
169	The highest Pb contents were observed in P. longifolia and M. indica i.e., 135 and 132 mg/kg, respectively.	[ "The", "highest", "Pb", "contents", "were", "observed", "in", "P", ".", "longifolia", "and", "M", ".", "indica", "i", ".", "e", ".", ",", "135", "and", "132", "mg", "/", "kg", ",", "respectively", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0 ]
170	Similarly, the highest Zn contents were found in P. longifolia and S. cumini with 130 and 132 mg/kg, respectively.	[ "Similarly", ",", "the", "highest", "Zn", "contents", "were", "found", "in", "P", ".", "longifolia", "and", "S", ".", "cumini", "with", "130", "and", "132", "mg", "/", "kg", ",", "respectively", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0 ]
174	Trees can improve the mental health of communities and relieve stress [23,24].	[ "Trees", "can", "improve", "the", "mental", "health", "of", "communities", "and", "relieve", "stress", "[", "23", ",", "24", "]", "." ]	[ 35, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 41, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
175	The same places where the soil samples were collected also yielded samples of plant leaves.	[ "The", "same", "places", "where", "the", "soil", "samples", "were", "collected", "also", "yielded", "samples", "of", "plant", "leaves", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 43, 44, 0, 0, 0, 0, 43, 0, 3, 4, 0 ]
179	These metals could have come from a variety of sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, tyre wear and tear, metals used in catalysts and the deterioration of other car parts, particularly paints [50,51,52,53,54].	[ "These", "metals", "could", "have", "come", "from", "a", "variety", "of", "sources", ",", "including", "the", "burning", "of", "fossil", "fuels", ",", "tyre", "wear", "and", "tear", ",", "metals", "used", "in", "catalysts", "and", "the", "deterioration", "...	[ 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 13, 14, 0, 45, 46, 46, 46, 0, 7, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0, 43, 44, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
181	The effects of heavy metals are supposed to be due to the rise in the number of vehicles in Lahore after 2000, which in turn increased traffic activity and environmental pollution [55,56].	[ "The", "effects", "of", "heavy", "metals", "are", "supposed", "to", "be", "due", "to", "the", "rise", "in", "the", "number", "of", "vehicles", "in", "Lahore", "after", "2000", ",", "which", "in", "turn", "increased", "traffic", "activity", "and", "environm...	[ 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 43, 0, 21, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
182	The World Health Organization reports that, due to lead poisoning, 15–18 million children in developed countries suffer from irreversible brain damage.	[ "The", "World", "Health", "Organization", "reports", "that", ",", "due", "to", "lead", "poisoning", ",", "15", "–", "18", "million", "children", "in", "developed", "countries", "suffer", "from", "irreversible", "brain", "damage", "." ]	[ 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 10, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 41, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 9, 10, 10, 0 ]
183	The air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of plant species was evaluated with the help of analysis of some biochemical parameters, and used to measure the heavy-metals accumulation capacity in their leaves and their levels of tolerance in a polluted environment.	[ "The", "air", "pollution", "tolerance", "index", "(", "APTI", ")", "of", "plant", "species", "was", "evaluated", "with", "the", "help", "of", "analysis", "of", "some", "biochemical", "parameters", ",", "and", "used", "to", "measure", "the", "heavy-metals", "...	[ 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0 ]
184	Plant leaves are utilized as a bioindicator for seasonal air pollution.	[ "Plant", "leaves", "are", "utilized", "as", "a", "bioindicator", "for", "seasonal", "air", "pollution", "." ]	[ 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 31, 32, 32, 0 ]
185	Rainfall data at fine spatial resolutions are often required for various studies in hydrology and water resources.	[ "Rainfall", "data", "at", "fine", "spatial", "resolutions", "are", "often", "required", "for", "various", "studies", "in", "hydrology", "and", "water", "resources", "." ]	[ 19, 20, 0, 49, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 15, 0, 15, 16, 0 ]
187	The method is applied to monthly rainfall data at a resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° latitude/longitude across Australia, available from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B43 version).	[ "The", "method", "is", "applied", "to", "monthly", "rainfall", "data", "at", "a", "resolution", "of", "0", ".", "25", "°", "×", "0", ".", "25", "°", "latitude", "/", "longitude", "across", "Australia", ",", "available", "from", "the", "Tropical", "Rainfa...	[ 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 49, 50, 50, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 51, 52, 52, 52, 0, 19, 20, 20, 0, 0 ]
188	However, fine-resolution spatial rainfall data are not widely available in many parts of the world, especially in developing and under-developed regions.	[ "However", ",", "fine-resolution", "spatial", "rainfall", "data", "are", "not", "widely", "available", "in", "many", "parts", "of", "the", "world", ",", "especially", "in", "developing", "and", "under-developed", "regions", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 39, 21, 0 ]
191	This version is a combined product of rainfall observed through TRMM and other satellites and gridded rain gauge data [23].	[ "This", "version", "is", "a", "combined", "product", "of", "rainfall", "observed", "through", "TRMM", "and", "other", "satellites", "and", "gridded", "rain", "gauge", "data", "[", "23", "]", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0, 27, 0, 0, 51, 0, 0, 51, 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
192	The above spatial rainfall results for Australia and the ten major cities have important implications for a range of studies on rainfall and on water resources and the environment at large.	[ "The", "above", "spatial", "rainfall", "results", "for", "Australia", "and", "the", "ten", "major", "cities", "have", "important", "implications", "for", "a", "range", "of", "studies", "on", "rainfall", "and", "on", "water", "resources", "and", "the", "environ...	[ 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 0, 21, 0, 0, 49, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 27, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0 ]
193	The Dhaleshwari river which flows near Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is currently under threat due to the recent relocation of the Hazaribagh tannery to the Savar area.	[ "The", "Dhaleshwari", "river", "which", "flows", "near", "Dhaka", ",", "the", "capital", "of", "Bangladesh", ",", "is", "currently", "under", "threat", "due", "to", "the", "recent", "relocation", "of", "the", "Hazaribagh", "tannery", "to", "the", "Savar", "a...	[ 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 43, 44, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0 ]
194	This study investigated the physicochemical parameters of water quality along with the heavy metal levels in the Dhaleshwari river and performed a comparative analysis among the peripheral rivers around Dhaka City.	[ "This", "study", "investigated", "the", "physicochemical", "parameters", "of", "water", "quality", "along", "with", "the", "heavy", "metal", "levels", "in", "the", "Dhaleshwari", "river", "and", "performed", "a", "comparative", "analysis", "among", "the", "periphe...	[ 0, 39, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 7, 49, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 49, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 21, 22, 0 ]
196	Almost all civilizations on Earth are inextricably linked by rivers, which are the places where they originated and evolved from.	[ "Almost", "all", "civilizations", "on", "Earth", "are", "inextricably", "linked", "by", "rivers", ",", "which", "are", "the", "places", "where", "they", "originated", "and", "evolved", "from", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 39, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
197	This study also makes a comparative assessment of the surface water quality among all the peripheral rivers around Dhaka City that has rarely been accomplished with respect to both physicochemical status of water quality and heavy metal contamination.	[ "This", "study", "also", "makes", "a", "comparative", "assessment", "of", "the", "surface", "water", "quality", "among", "all", "the", "peripheral", "rivers", "around", "Dhaka", "City", "that", "has", "rarely", "been", "accomplished", "with", "respect", "to", ...	[ 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 49, 50, 0, 31, 32, 32, 0 ]
199	Nickel is a carcinogenic metal that leads to severe damage to the liver and heart, reduced body weight, and skin irritation due to long-term exposure [81].	[ "Nickel", "is", "a", "carcinogenic", "metal", "that", "leads", "to", "severe", "damage", "to", "the", "liver", "and", "heart", ",", "reduced", "body", "weight", ",", "and", "skin", "irritation", "due", "to", "long-term", "exposure", "[", "81", "]", "." ]	[ 7, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 9, 10, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
200	It is utilized to allow the chromium or aldehyde to attach to the skin protein during the tanning process [84].	[ "It", "is", "utilized", "to", "allow", "the", "chromium", "or", "aldehyde", "to", "attach", "to", "the", "skin", "protein", "during", "the", "tanning", "process", "[", "84", "]", "." ]	[ 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 33, 34, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
201	This study also performed investigation on the status of relevant heavy metals (chromium-Cr, cadmium-Cd, nickel-Ni, zinc-Zn) pollution in different rivers of Dhaka City.	[ "This", "study", "also", "performed", "investigation", "on", "the", "status", "of", "relevant", "heavy", "metals", "(", "chromium-Cr", ",", "cadmium-Cd", ",", "nickel-Ni", ",", "zinc-Zn", ")", "pollution", "in", "different", "rivers", "of", "Dhaka", "City", "....	[ 0, 19, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 47, 0, 0, 5, 0, 21, 22, 0 ]
202	At the same time, many discussions at the international bilateral meetings of EU country representatives raise the question of the realism of setting climate targets, and therefore, the ability to meet these commitments.	[ "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "many", "discussions", "at", "the", "international", "bilateral", "meetings", "of", "EU", "country", "representatives", "raise", "the", "question", "of", "the", "realism", "of", "setting", "climate", "targets", ",", "and", "th...	[ 55, 56, 56, 56, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 41, 42, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0 ]
204	The data assess the possibility of achieving a 22% share of renewable energy sources (RES) in gross final energy consumption by 2030 in the Czech Republic.	[ "The", "data", "assess", "the", "possibility", "of", "achieving", "a", "22", "%", "share", "of", "renewable", "energy", "sources", "(", "RES", ")", "in", "gross", "final", "energy", "consumption", "by", "2030", "in", "the", "Czech", "Republic", "." ]	[ 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 13, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 55, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0 ]
205	The findings published in this study also point to the objective threat of the increased use of dendromass in the energy sector to the maintenance of sustainable forest management and the preservation of forest quality.	[ "The", "findings", "published", "in", "this", "study", "also", "point", "to", "the", "objective", "threat", "of", "the", "increased", "use", "of", "dendromass", "in", "the", "energy", "sector", "to", "the", "maintenance", "of", "sustainable", "forest", "manage...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0 ]
206	Forests are believed to play a crucial role in mitigating climate change [8,9,10].	[ "Forests", "are", "believed", "to", "play", "a", "crucial", "role", "in", "mitigating", "climate", "change", "[", "8", ",", "9", ",", "10", "]", "." ]	[ 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
208	Kirilenko and Sedjo [16] argue that climate change will affect all types of forests and forest management.	[ "Kirilenko", "and", "Sedjo", "[", "16", "]", "argue", "that", "climate", "change", "will", "affect", "all", "types", "of", "forests", "and", "forest", "management", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]
210	The Paris Agreement adopted by the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [22] also acknowledged the role of forests in mitigating climate change.	[ "The", "Paris", "Agreement", "adopted", "by", "the", "Parties", "to", "the", "United", "Nations", "Framework", "Convention", "on", "Climate", "Change", "[", "22", "]", "also", "acknowledged", "the", "role", "of", "forests", "in", "mitigating", "climate", "chan...	[ 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0 ]
211	The adaptation of forests to climate change involves forestry measures such as using different tree species and promoting mixed stands [24].	[ "The", "adaptation", "of", "forests", "to", "climate", "change", "involves", "forestry", "measures", "such", "as", "using", "different", "tree", "species", "and", "promoting", "mixed", "stands", "[", "24", "]", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 33, 34, 0, 15, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
212	However, the adaptive capacity of forests to overcome the adverse effects of climate change remains highly uncertain despite intensive research efforts [25].	[ "However", ",", "the", "adaptive", "capacity", "of", "forests", "to", "overcome", "the", "adverse", "effects", "of", "climate", "change", "remains", "highly", "uncertain", "despite", "intensive", "research", "efforts", "[", "25", "]", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
213	The results of various studies show [2,29,36] that renewable energy consumption is a significant factor in reducing carbon emissions.	[ "The", "results", "of", "various", "studies", "show", "[", "2", ",", "29", ",", "36", "]", "that", "renewable", "energy", "consumption", "is", "a", "significant", "factor", "in", "reducing", "carbon", "emissions", "." ]	[ 0, 19, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 0 ]
215	The need to increase the share of renewable energy sources is also included in the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament entitled ‘A Clean Planet For All’ [33].	[ "The", "need", "to", "increase", "the", "share", "of", "renewable", "energy", "sources", "is", "also", "included", "in", "the", "Communication", "from", "the", "Commission", "to", "the", "European", "Parliament", "entitled", "‘", "A", "Clean", "Planet", "For",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
220	Forest biomass for energy purposes is one of the most important sources of energy thanks to the raw material potential and the possibility of its renewal [47].	[ "Forest", "biomass", "for", "energy", "purposes", "is", "one", "of", "the", "most", "important", "sources", "of", "energy", "thanks", "to", "the", "raw", "material", "potential", "and", "the", "possibility", "of", "its", "renewal", "[", "47", "]", "." ]	[ 13, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
222	Therefore, the consumption and production of wood biomass and other forms of renewable energy have been increasing significantly.	[ "Therefore", ",", "the", "consumption", "and", "production", "of", "wood", "biomass", "and", "other", "forms", "of", "renewable", "energy", "have", "been", "increasing", "significantly", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
223	From a biophysical point of view, wood biomass resources are large enough to cover a substantial part of the world’s primary energy consumption in 2050.	[ "From", "a", "biophysical", "point", "of", "view", ",", "wood", "biomass", "resources", "are", "large", "enough", "to", "cover", "a", "substantial", "part", "of", "the", "world", "’", "s", "primary", "energy", "consumption", "in", "2050", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 55, 0 ]
224	A cheap and available raw material, forest residues can replace current fossil energy sources, thereby contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing energy security [52,53,54,55].	[ "A", "cheap", "and", "available", "raw", "material", ",", "forest", "residues", "can", "replace", "current", "fossil", "energy", "sources", ",", "thereby", "contributing", "to", "reducing", "greenhouse", "gas", "emissions", "and", "increasing", "energy", "security...	[ 0, 49, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 13, 14, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 46, 0, 0, 47, 48, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
226	The outputs of the article will include a quantified estimate of whether the Czech Republic can meet the goals in the utilisation of renewable energy sources set via the binding documents of the European Union.	[ "The", "outputs", "of", "the", "article", "will", "include", "a", "quantified", "estimate", "of", "whether", "the", "Czech", "Republic", "can", "meet", "the", "goals", "in", "the", "utilisation", "of", "renewable", "energy", "sources", "set", "via", "the", "...	[ 0, 19, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 37, 38, 0 ]
227	In other words, branches thinner than 7 cm, bark, and stumps amount to approx.	[ "In", "other", "words", ",", "branches", "thinner", "than", "7", "cm", ",", "bark", ",", "and", "stumps", "amount", "to", "approx", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
228	With the ongoing energy crisis, renewable energy sources, if used correctly, contribute to reducing energy dependence on conventional energy sources.	[ "With", "the", "ongoing", "energy", "crisis", ",", "renewable", "energy", "sources", ",", "if", "used", "correctly", ",", "contribute", "to", "reducing", "energy", "dependence", "on", "conventional", "energy", "sources", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0 ]
230	Demand for renewable energy sources (including biomass) is growing in many countries worldwide.	[ "Demand", "for", "renewable", "energy", "sources", "(", "including", "biomass", ")", "is", "growing", "in", "many", "countries", "worldwide", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 21, 21, 0 ]
231	The deployment of renewable energy sources is one of the main factors in keeping the rise in average global temperature below 1.5 °C [10].	[ "The", "deployment", "of", "renewable", "energy", "sources", "is", "one", "of", "the", "main", "factors", "in", "keeping", "the", "rise", "in", "average", "global", "temperature", "below", "1", ".", "5", "°", "C", "[", "10", "]", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
232	Yet, electricity generation from renewable sources must expand faster to reach the milestones set in the Net Zero Emissions scenario by 2050, which demands the share of electricity generation from renewable sources to increase from nearly 29% in 2021 to more than 60% by 2030.	[ "Yet", ",", "electricity", "generation", "from", "renewable", "sources", "must", "expand", "faster", "to", "reach", "the", "milestones", "set", "in", "the", "Net", "Zero", "Emissions", "scenario", "by", "2050", ",", "which", "demands", "the", "share", "of", ...	[ 0, 0, 45, 46, 0, 13, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 48, 48, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 45, 46, 0, 13, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 55, 0 ]
233	The EU needs to include as many renewable energy sources as possible in the comprehensive energy mix to meet its 2030 targets for the share of renewable energy in final gross energy consumption and the carbon neutrality of the energy sector by 2050.	[ "The", "EU", "needs", "to", "include", "as", "many", "renewable", "energy", "sources", "as", "possible", "in", "the", "comprehensive", "energy", "mix", "to", "meet", "its", "2030", "targets", "for", "the", "share", "of", "renewable", "energy", "in", "final",...	[ 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 55, 0 ]
234	According to the publication, Development of Renewable Energy in the Czech Republic until 2030 [70], the Czech Republic should increase its share of renewable energy sources to 33%–35% by 2030.	[ "According", "to", "the", "publication", ",", "Development", "of", "Renewable", "Energy", "in", "the", "Czech", "Republic", "until", "2030", "[", "70", "]", ",", "the", "Czech", "Republic", "should", "increase", "its", "share", "of", "renewable", "energy", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 49, 50, 0, 49, 50, 0, 55, 0 ]
236	What our forests will look like for future generations and the resulting impact of climate change on forestry will be is in the hands of forest managers [7].	[ "What", "our", "forests", "will", "look", "like", "for", "future", "generations", "and", "the", "resulting", "impact", "of", "climate", "change", "on", "forestry", "will", "be", "is", "in", "the", "hands", "of", "forest", "managers", "[", "7", "]", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 31, 32, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 41, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
237	This would achieve energy efficiency, availability, and the security of energy supply across the European Union.	[ "This", "would", "achieve", "energy", "efficiency", ",", "availability", ",", "and", "the", "security", "of", "energy", "supply", "across", "the", "European", "Union", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0 ]
238	If the set goal for the Czech Republic is the share of renewable energy sources in the total gross final energy consumption of 22% by 2030, the share of forest biomass from primary production in the energy mix is currently at its maximum available limit.	[ "If", "the", "set", "goal", "for", "the", "Czech", "Republic", "is", "the", "share", "of", "renewable", "energy", "sources", "in", "the", "total", "gross", "final", "energy", "consumption", "of", "22", "%", "by", "2030", ",", "the", "share", "of", "fores...	[ 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 14, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 49, 50, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 14, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0 ]
239	Issues related to global environmental protection are highly important.	[ "Issues", "related", "to", "global", "environmental", "protection", "are", "highly", "important", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
242	Besides academic contributions, the findings of this study could serve as a reference to enterprises on assessing the effects of carbon emissions, carbon taxes, and environmental management on production decision-making.	[ "Besides", "academic", "contributions", ",", "the", "findings", "of", "this", "study", "could", "serve", "as", "a", "reference", "to", "enterprises", "on", "assessing", "the", "effects", "of", "carbon", "emissions", ",", "carbon", "taxes", ",", "and", "environ...	[ 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]
243	The misuse of natural resources by human and industrial activities affect the balance of the life cycle sustained by Earth and cause abnormal weather and global warming.	[ "The", "misuse", "of", "natural", "resources", "by", "human", "and", "industrial", "activities", "affect", "the", "balance", "of", "the", "life", "cycle", "sustained", "by", "Earth", "and", "cause", "abnormal", "weather", "and", "global", "warming", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 39, 0, 39, 39, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 33, 34, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 27, 28, 0 ]
244	Developed economies took responsibility for environmental protection through forming international organizations or signing protocols such as the Copenhagen Accord [2], the Kyoto Protocol [3], and the Paris Agreement [1].	[ "Developed", "economies", "took", "responsibility", "for", "environmental", "protection", "through", "forming", "international", "organizations", "or", "signing", "protocols", "such", "as", "the", "Copenhagen", "Accord", "[", "2", "]", ",", "the", "Kyoto", "Protocol...	[ 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 0, 0, 37, 38, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
245	The theory of constraints (TOC), proposed by Goldratt in the book titled “The Goal” [11], aims to identify the constraints and managing them.	[ "The", "theory", "of", "constraints", "(", "TOC", ")", ",", "proposed", "by", "Goldratt", "in", "the", "book", "titled", "“", "The", "Goal", "”", "[", "11", "]", ",", "aims", "to", "identify", "the", "constraints", "and", "managing", "them", "." ]	[ 15, 16, 16, 16, 0, 15, 0, 0, 0, 0, 41, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
247	Stepwise machine hour constraints:	[ "Stepwise", "machine", "hour", "constraints", ":" ]	[ 23, 24, 24, 24, 0 ]
249	In this way, it is hoped that enterprises can reduce pollution via environmental management [29].	[ "In", "this", "way", ",", "it", "is", "hoped", "that", "enterprises", "can", "reduce", "pollution", "via", "environmental", "management", "[", "29", "]", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 31, 0, 47, 48, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
251	First, it can provide decision-makers in tire production with the decisions and actions needed to respond to carbon tax policies, and it can provide environmental policy-makers with strategic thinking in policy making.	[ "First", ",", "it", "can", "provide", "decision-makers", "in", "tire", "production", "with", "the", "decisions", "and", "actions", "needed", "to", "respond", "to", "carbon", "tax", "policies", ",", "and", "it", "can", "provide", "environmental", "policy-makers",...	[ 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 41, 0, 37, 38, 0, 0, 39, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 48, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 41, 42, 0, 29, 30, 0, 29, 30, 0 ]
254	Epoxy resin is one of the most significant thermosetting polymers having excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, high adhesion strength, corrosive resistance, favorable processing ability, and low curing shrinkage.	[ "Epoxy", "resin", "is", "one", "of", "the", "most", "significant", "thermosetting", "polymers", "having", "excellent", "mechanical", ",", "thermal", ",", "and", "electrical", "properties", ",", "high", "adhesion", "strength", ",", "corrosive", "resistance", ",", ...	[ 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 39, 0, 39, 0, 0, 39, 39, 0, 49, 49, 50, 0, 49, 50, 0, 39, 39, 40, 0, 0, 49, 45, 46, 0 ]
255	It is widely used in adhesives, coatings, encapsulation, composite materials, and packaging materials for electronic devices [1,2,3,4,5].	[ "It", "is", "widely", "used", "in", "adhesives", ",", "coatings", ",", "encapsulation", ",", "composite", "materials", ",", "and", "packaging", "materials", "for", "electronic", "devices", "[", "1", ",", "2", ",", "3", ",", "4", ",", "5", "]", "." ]	[ 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 29, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 43, 44, 0, 43, 44, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
256	The replacement of BPA with alternatives from sustainable and renewable resources, such as bio-based polyphenols, is highly desired [7,8,9,10,11].	[ "The", "replacement", "of", "BPA", "with", "alternatives", "from", "sustainable", "and", "renewable", "resources", ",", "such", "as", "bio-based", "polyphenols", ",", "is", "highly", "desired", "[", "7", ",", "8", ",", "9", ",", "10", ",", "11", "]", "."...	[ 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 39, 0, 39, 0, 39, 39, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
257	These bio-based epoxy resins have been prepared from a variety of renewable resources, such as vegetable oils (soybean oil, linseed oil, palm oil, and castor oil) [14,15,16].	[ "These", "bio-based", "epoxy", "resins", "have", "been", "prepared", "from", "a", "variety", "of", "renewable", "resources", ",", "such", "as", "vegetable", "oils", "(", "soybean", "oil", ",", "linseed", "oil", ",", "palm", "oil", ",", "and", "castor", "oi...	[ 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
258	Zhang et al. [18] prepared an epoxy grouting resin using lignin, which is an underutilized by-product of the forestry industry that has outstanding viscosity with a low mechanical property.	[ "Zhang", "et", "al", ".", "[", "18", "]", "prepared", "an", "epoxy", "grouting", "resin", "using", "lignin", ",", "which", "is", "an", "underutilized", "by-product", "of", "the", "forestry", "industry", "that", "has", "outstanding", "viscosity", "with", "a",...	[ 41, 42, 42, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 49, 49, 50, 0 ]
261	Resin samples were prepared by dissolving 3 mg/mL in DCM and then filtering with a 0.45 µm nylon membrane.	[ "Resin", "samples", "were", "prepared", "by", "dissolving", "3", "mg", "/", "mL", "in", "DCM", "and", "then", "filtering", "with", "a", "0", ".", "45", "µm", "nylon", "membrane", "." ]	[ 43, 44, 0, 0, 0, 29, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 7, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 43, 44, 0 ]
262	The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.	[ "The", "data", "presented", "in", "this", "study", "are", "available", "on", "request", "from", "the", "corresponding", "author", "." ]	[ 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 41, 42, 0 ]
263	Newly formed oxygen-rich AABW spreads north and fills up to 40% of the total volume of the global ocean, driving the lower limb of the global overturning circulation and renewing oxygen in (ventilating) the abyssal ocean interior .	[ "Newly", "formed", "oxygen-rich", "AABW", "spreads", "north", "and", "fills", "up", "to", "40", "%", "of", "the", "total", "volume", "of", "the", "global", "ocean", ",", "driving", "the", "lower", "limb", "of", "the", "global", "overturning", "circulation", ...	[ 0, 0, 7, 5, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 53, 54, 54, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0 ]
264	Past studies have highlighted rapid and widespread changes in the volume and salinity of AABW, with implications for global ocean circulation .	[ "Past", "studies", "have", "highlighted", "rapid", "and", "widespread", "changes", "in", "the", "volume", "and", "salinity", "of", "AABW", ",", "with", "implications", "for", "global", "ocean", "circulation", "." ]	[ 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 53, 54, 54, 0 ]
265	However, observations of the abyssal Southern Ocean are sparse in space and time.	[ "However", ",", "observations", "of", "the", "abyssal", "Southern", "Ocean", "are", "sparse", "in", "space", "and", "time", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 39, 5, 6, 0, 49, 0, 21, 0, 55, 0 ]
266	Consequently, the drivers and impacts of variability in AABW properties and circulation remain poorly understood.	[ "Consequently", ",", "the", "drivers", "and", "impacts", "of", "variability", "in", "AABW", "properties", "and", "circulation", "remain", "poorly", "understood", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 5, 49, 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
267	The precursor of AABW is cold, relatively salty and oxygen-rich dense shelf water (DSW) formed on the Antarctic continental shelf by wintertime cooling and brine rejection.	[ "The", "precursor", "of", "AABW", "is", "cold", ",", "relatively", "salty", "and", "oxygen-rich", "dense", "shelf", "water", "(", "DSW", ")", "formed", "on", "the", "Antarctic", "continental", "shelf", "by", "wintertime", "cooling", "and", "brine", "rejection"...	[ 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 7, 5, 6, 6, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 18, 0, 27, 28, 0, 45, 46, 0 ]
268	DSW exported from these shelf regions mixes with lighter water as it descends the continental slope to form AABW.	[ "DSW", "exported", "from", "these", "shelf", "regions", "mixes", "with", "lighter", "water", "as", "it", "descends", "the", "continental", "slope", "to", "form", "AABW", "." ]	[ 5, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 5, 0 ]
270	Motivated by these results, we investigate the drivers of AABW change and its impact on abyssal circulation and ventilation using an observation-driven approach to quantify variability in volume and oxygen transport.	[ "Motivated", "by", "these", "results", ",", "we", "investigate", "the", "drivers", "of", "AABW", "change", "and", "its", "impact", "on", "abyssal", "circulation", "and", "ventilation", "using", "an", "observation-driven", "approach", "to", "quantify", "variability...	[ 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 41, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 39, 0, 45, 46, 0, 45, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 45, 46, 0 ]
274	The vertical velocity shear, calculated across the few hundred metres between the deepest two current meters on each mooring, is of order 1 × 10 s (positive values indicate speed increases with depth; Table 1).	[ "The", "vertical", "velocity", "shear", ",", "calculated", "across", "the", "few", "hundred", "metres", "between", "the", "deepest", "two", "current", "meters", "on", "each", "mooring", ",", "is", "of", "order", "1", "×", "10", "s", "(", "positive", "value...	[ 0, 45, 46, 46, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 49, 25, 26, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 49, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 49, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 49, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0 ]
276	The alongisopycnal water-mass property changes are responsible for negligible amounts of total warming across all three transects in the Weddell Sea (Supplementary Figs. 2 and 3).	[ "The", "alongisopycnal", "water-mass", "property", "changes", "are", "responsible", "for", "negligible", "amounts", "of", "total", "warming", "across", "all", "three", "transects", "in", "the", "Weddell", "Sea", "(", "Supplementary", "Figs", ".", "2", "and", "3"...	[ 0, 45, 46, 46, 46, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 39, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 0, 0 ]
278	The results indicate that a national carbon tax, without compensation, would increase poverty but have no significant impact on inequality.	[ "The", "results", "indicate", "that", "a", "national", "carbon", "tax", ",", "without", "compensation", ",", "would", "increase", "poverty", "but", "have", "no", "significant", "impact", "on", "inequality", "." ]	[ 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0 ]
279	When tax revenues are recycled through transfer schemes, however, poverty would actually decrease.	[ "When", "tax", "revenues", "are", "recycled", "through", "transfer", "schemes", ",", "however", ",", "poverty", "would", "actually", "decrease", "." ]	[ 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 0, 0, 0, 47, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
280	Literature has highlighted that a mix of policies may be needed as trade-offs, next to synergies, usually arise when trying to jointly achieve different Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Pradhan et al., 2017).	[ "Literature", "has", "highlighted", "that", "a", "mix", "of", "policies", "may", "be", "needed", "as", "trade-offs", ",", "next", "to", "synergies", ",", "usually", "arise", "when", "trying", "to", "jointly", "achieve", "different", "Sustainable", "Development",...	[ 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 48, 0, 47, 0, 0, 41, 42, 42, 42, 0, 55, 0, 0 ]
282	These mechanisms are usually advocated due to their high efficiency, even if it is clear that other (non-price) policy instruments are necessary to fully address climate change mitigation (Stiglitz, 2019).	[ "These", "mechanisms", "are", "usually", "advocated", "due", "to", "their", "high", "efficiency", ",", "even", "if", "it", "is", "clear", "that", "other", "(", "non-price", ")", "policy", "instruments", "are", "necessary", "to", "fully", "address", "climate", ...	[ 0, 47, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 47, 48, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 48, 0, 41, 0, 55, 0, 0 ]
283	German Development Institute, Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Tulpenfeld 6, 53113, Bonn, Germany. E-mail address: daniele.malerba@yahoo.it (D. Malerba).	[ "German", "Development", "Institute", ",", "Deutsches", "Institut", "für", "Entwicklungspolitik", "(", "DIE", ")", ",", "Tulpenfeld", "6", ",", "53113", ",", "Bonn", ",", "Germany", ".", "E-mail", "address", ":", "daniele", ".", "malerba", "@", "yahoo", ".",...	[ 37, 38, 38, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 21, 0, 21, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 41, 42, 42, 0, 0 ]
285	Following the government of Peru and the literature (Deaton, 2016), we use consumption (instead of income) as our welfare variable as this better captures welfare of lower deciles.	[ "Following", "the", "government", "of", "Peru", "and", "the", "literature", "(", "Deaton", ",", "2016", ")", ",", "we", "use", "consumption", "(", "instead", "of", "income", ")", "as", "our", "welfare", "variable", "as", "this", "better", "captures", "welf...	[ 0, 0, 37, 0, 21, 0, 0, 19, 0, 41, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 23, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 41, 42, 0 ]
286	In fact, through the analysis of the tax incidence, it is possible to understand the potential personal costs (higher energy prices and less purchasing power), and their distribution, both critical for the acceptability of carbon taxes (Maestre-Andr es et al., 2019).	[ "In", "fact", ",", "through", "the", "analysis", "of", "the", "tax", "incidence", ",", "it", "is", "possible", "to", "understand", "the", "potential", "personal", "costs", "(", "higher", "energy", "prices", "and", "less", "purchasing", "power", ")", ",", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 49, 50, 0, 49, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 23, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 41, 42, 42, 42, 42, 0, 55, 0, 0 ]
287	For a recent extensive investigation Nonetheless, a global carbon tax, alongside stronger environmental outcomes would bring more significant improvements in poverty and inequality to a middle-income country as Peru Carattini et al. (2019) found that, given revenues are distributed equally to global citizens, a global ...	[ "For", "a", "recent", "extensive", "investigation", "Nonetheless", ",", "a", "global", "carbon", "tax", ",", "alongside", "stronger", "environmental", "outcomes", "would", "bring", "more", "significant", "improvements", "in", "poverty", "and", "inequality", "to", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 39, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 21, 41, 42, 42, 42, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 41, 42, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50...
289	However, Peru has implemented very significant fiscal and economic reforms in the first decade of this century, enabled inter alia through strong political leadership and the emergence from a deep economic crisis that rendered reforms indispensable (Carranza, 2012).	[ "However", ",", "Peru", "has", "implemented", "very", "significant", "fiscal", "and", "economic", "reforms", "in", "the", "first", "decade", "of", "this", "century", ",", "enabled", "inter", "alia", "through", "strong", "political", "leadership", "and", "the", ...	[ 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 39, 47, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 56, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 48, 0, 0, 47, 0, 0, 41, 0, 55, 0, 0 ]
291	Contents lists available at ScienceDirect a, b c a The strongest drivers were perceived to be in the legislative and economic themes.	[ "Contents", "lists", "available", "at", "ScienceDirect", "a", ",", "b", "c", "a", "The", "strongest", "drivers", "were", "perceived", "to", "be", "in", "the", "legislative", "and", "economic", "themes", "." ]	[ 19, 20, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 15, 0, 15, 39, 0 ]
292	Uncertainty in zero carbon homes policy is a barrier to zero carbon homebuilding.	[ "Uncertainty", "in", "zero", "carbon", "homes", "policy", "is", "a", "barrier", "to", "zero", "carbon", "homebuilding", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 47, 48, 48, 48, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 48, 0 ]
293	As a result, governments have recognised the need to introduce mandatory schemes through legislation, e.g. from 2016 all new build homes in the UK will be required to achieve zero carbon in regulated energy consumption.	[ "As", "a", "result", ",", "governments", "have", "recognised", "the", "need", "to", "introduce", "mandatory", "schemes", "through", "legislation", ",", "e", ".", "g", ".", "from", "2016", "all", "new", "build", "homes", "in", "the", "UK", "will", "be", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 0, 47, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 0, 1, 2, 2, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0 ]
294	This paper explores the drivers and barriers for zero carbon homebuilding.	[ "This", "paper", "explores", "the", "drivers", "and", "barriers", "for", "zero", "carbon", "homebuilding", "." ]	[ 19, 20, 0, 0, 39, 0, 39, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0 ]
295	The perceptions of the wider construction industry were gathered through a series of semi-structured interviews with professionals involved in commissioning, designing, constructing and regulating housing.	[ "The", "perceptions", "of", "the", "wider", "construction", "industry", "were", "gathered", "through", "a", "series", "of", "semi-structured", "interviews", "with", "professionals", "involved", "in", "commissioning", ",", "designing", ",", "constructing", "and", "re...	[ 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 41, 0, 0, 29, 0, 29, 0, 29, 0, 29, 1, 0 ]
297	Globally, buildings represent around 40% of primary energy consumption (IEA, 2014).	[ "Globally", ",", "buildings", "represent", "around", "40", "%", "of", "primary", "energy", "consumption", "(", "IEA", ",", "2014", ")", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 37, 0, 55, 0, 0 ]
298	As a means of encouraging the housebuilding sector to voluntarily improve the energy efficiency of new homes, the Code for Sustainable Homes (the Code) was introduced in 2007 (DCLG, 2013a).	[ "As", "a", "means", "of", "encouraging", "the", "housebuilding", "sector", "to", "voluntarily", "improve", "the", "energy", "efficiency", "of", "new", "homes", ",", "the", "Code", "for", "Sustainable", "Homes", "(", "the", "Code", ")", "was", "introduced", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 0, 37, 0, 55, 0, 0 ]
299	Since its inception, very few homes have been built to the higher levels of the Code (DCLG, 2013b) and of those that have, the vast majority have been public sector housing.	[ "Since", "its", "inception", ",", "very", "few", "homes", "have", "been", "built", "to", "the", "higher", "levels", "of", "the", "Code", "(", "DCLG", ",", "2013b", ")", "and", "of", "those", "that", "have", ",", "the", "vast", "majority", "have", "been...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 19, 0, 37, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 0 ]
300	A number of papers have considered definitions for zero energy buildings (Hernandez and Kenny, 2010; Marszal et al., 2011; Torcellini et al., 2006) and a broad range of issues in relation to the scope of a definition have been considered, including energy efficiency, renewable energy generation, grid connection a...	[ "A", "number", "of", "papers", "have", "considered", "definitions", "for", "zero", "energy", "buildings", "(", "Hernandez", "and", "Kenny", ",", "2010", ";", "Marszal", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2011", ";", "Torcellini", "et", "al", ".", ",", "2006", ")", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 39, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 41, 42, 42, 0, 55, 0, 41, 42, 42, 42, 0, 55, 0, 41, 42, 42, 42, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 3...
301	Allowable solutions provide for local, near or off-site carbon offsetting, such as a community renewable energy scheme (Zero Carbon Hub, 2011).	[ "Allowable", "solutions", "provide", "for", "local", ",", "near", "or", "off-site", "carbon", "offsetting", ",", "such", "as", "a", "community", "renewable", "energy", "scheme", "(", "Zero", "Carbon", "Hub", ",", "2011", ")", "." ]	[ 0, 39, 0, 0, 21, 0, 21, 0, 21, 45, 46, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 55, 0, 0 ]
302	Homes can be awarded a star rating between levels 1 and 6, with 6 being the most sustainable.	[ "Homes", "can", "be", "awarded", "a", "star", "rating", "between", "levels", "1", "and", "6", ",", "with", "6", "being", "the", "most", "sustainable", "." ]	[ 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 53, 54, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0 ]
306	Interviewees believed that the increasing cost of energy has started to make homeowners conscious of the energy efficiency of their homes.	[ "Interviewees", "believed", "that", "the", "increasing", "cost", "of", "energy", "has", "started", "to", "make", "homeowners", "conscious", "of", "the", "energy", "efficiency", "of", "their", "homes", "." ]	[ 41, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 0, 41, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 1, 0 ]
307	Of greater concern to the interviewees than the skills and knowledge of the designers, contractors and regulators was that of the building occupants.	[ "Of", "greater", "concern", "to", "the", "interviewees", "than", "the", "skills", "and", "knowledge", "of", "the", "designers", ",", "contractors", "and", "regulators", "was", "that", "of", "the", "building", "occupants", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 41, 0, 0, 39, 0, 39, 0, 0, 41, 0, 41, 0, 41, 0, 0, 0, 0, 41, 42, 0 ]
308	Concerns were expressed that the overreliance on volume housebuilders in the UK is flawed as it fails to deliver homes that meet the occupants' needs.	[ "Concerns", "were", "expressed", "that", "the", "overreliance", "on", "volume", "housebuilders", "in", "the", "UK", "is", "flawed", "as", "it", "fails", "to", "deliver", "homes", "that", "meet", "the", "occupants", "'", "needs", "." ]	[ 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 48, 0 ]

159

Additionally, uncertainties in areas with a low density of weather stations remain a challenge, especially sparse data in mountainous regions where heterogenous topography contributes to local variation in climate (Bobrowski et al., 2021).

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160

In the absence of changes to solar insolation or windspeed, potential evapotranspiration and atmospheric evaporative demand relate to vapour pressure deficit (VPD), or the “drying power of the air,” measured as the difference between actual water vapour and vapour pressure saturation (VPsat) (Penman, 1948; Monteith, 19...

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161

Weather data used in our analysis reflect this climatic variability at small spatial scales, and we compared cloud forests (n = 8) in a 2° × 2° gridded area between 5°–7°S and 77–79°W to regional weather stations within 100 km (n = 32–46) (Figure 2a).

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164

Although the major paved east–west road from Chiclayo to Tarapoto crosses at the low point of the Andes, transportation regularly shuts down in March and April, isolating mountain cities such as Chachapoyas.

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165

The goal of the current study was to assess the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and heavy metal absorption (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ni) potential by ten selected trees planted along the roadside in the metropolitan city of Lahore, Pakistan.

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166

APTI was estimated on the basis of biochemical parameters (chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid, pH and relative water contents) of plant extract, while heavy metals (HMs) accumulation potential was measured by a digestion method.

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167

The highest APTI was estimated in P. longifolia (78.9), followed by A. scholarils (75.9) and M. indica (71.9).

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169

The highest Pb contents were observed in P. longifolia and M. indica i.e., 135 and 132 mg/kg, respectively.

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170

Similarly, the highest Zn contents were found in P. longifolia and S. cumini with 130 and 132 mg/kg, respectively.

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174

Trees can improve the mental health of communities and relieve stress [23,24].

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175

The same places where the soil samples were collected also yielded samples of plant leaves.

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179

These metals could have come from a variety of sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, tyre wear and tear, metals used in catalysts and the deterioration of other car parts, particularly paints [50,51,52,53,54].

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181

The effects of heavy metals are supposed to be due to the rise in the number of vehicles in Lahore after 2000, which in turn increased traffic activity and environmental pollution [55,56].

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182

The World Health Organization reports that, due to lead poisoning, 15–18 million children in developed countries suffer from irreversible brain damage.

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183

The air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of plant species was evaluated with the help of analysis of some biochemical parameters, and used to measure the heavy-metals accumulation capacity in their leaves and their levels of tolerance in a polluted environment.

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184

Plant leaves are utilized as a bioindicator for seasonal air pollution.

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185

Rainfall data at fine spatial resolutions are often required for various studies in hydrology and water resources.

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187

The method is applied to monthly rainfall data at a resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° latitude/longitude across Australia, available from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B43 version).

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188

However, fine-resolution spatial rainfall data are not widely available in many parts of the world, especially in developing and under-developed regions.

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191

This version is a combined product of rainfall observed through TRMM and other satellites and gridded rain gauge data [23].

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192

The above spatial rainfall results for Australia and the ten major cities have important implications for a range of studies on rainfall and on water resources and the environment at large.

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193

The Dhaleshwari river which flows near Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is currently under threat due to the recent relocation of the Hazaribagh tannery to the Savar area.

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194

This study investigated the physicochemical parameters of water quality along with the heavy metal levels in the Dhaleshwari river and performed a comparative analysis among the peripheral rivers around Dhaka City.

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196

Almost all civilizations on Earth are inextricably linked by rivers, which are the places where they originated and evolved from.

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197

This study also makes a comparative assessment of the surface water quality among all the peripheral rivers around Dhaka City that has rarely been accomplished with respect to both physicochemical status of water quality and heavy metal contamination.

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Nickel is a carcinogenic metal that leads to severe damage to the liver and heart, reduced body weight, and skin irritation due to long-term exposure [81].

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It is utilized to allow the chromium or aldehyde to attach to the skin protein during the tanning process [84].

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This study also performed investigation on the status of relevant heavy metals (chromium-Cr, cadmium-Cd, nickel-Ni, zinc-Zn) pollution in different rivers of Dhaka City.

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At the same time, many discussions at the international bilateral meetings of EU country representatives raise the question of the realism of setting climate targets, and therefore, the ability to meet these commitments.

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204

The data assess the possibility of achieving a 22% share of renewable energy sources (RES) in gross final energy consumption by 2030 in the Czech Republic.

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205

The findings published in this study also point to the objective threat of the increased use of dendromass in the energy sector to the maintenance of sustainable forest management and the preservation of forest quality.

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206

Forests are believed to play a crucial role in mitigating climate change [8,9,10].

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Kirilenko and Sedjo [16] argue that climate change will affect all types of forests and forest management.

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The Paris Agreement adopted by the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [22] also acknowledged the role of forests in mitigating climate change.

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The adaptation of forests to climate change involves forestry measures such as using different tree species and promoting mixed stands [24].

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However, the adaptive capacity of forests to overcome the adverse effects of climate change remains highly uncertain despite intensive research efforts [25].

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The results of various studies show [2,29,36] that renewable energy consumption is a significant factor in reducing carbon emissions.

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The need to increase the share of renewable energy sources is also included in the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament entitled ‘A Clean Planet For All’ [33].

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220

Forest biomass for energy purposes is one of the most important sources of energy thanks to the raw material potential and the possibility of its renewal [47].

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222

Therefore, the consumption and production of wood biomass and other forms of renewable energy have been increasing significantly.

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From a biophysical point of view, wood biomass resources are large enough to cover a substantial part of the world’s primary energy consumption in 2050.

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A cheap and available raw material, forest residues can replace current fossil energy sources, thereby contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing energy security [52,53,54,55].

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226

The outputs of the article will include a quantified estimate of whether the Czech Republic can meet the goals in the utilisation of renewable energy sources set via the binding documents of the European Union.

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227

In other words, branches thinner than 7 cm, bark, and stumps amount to approx.

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With the ongoing energy crisis, renewable energy sources, if used correctly, contribute to reducing energy dependence on conventional energy sources.

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Demand for renewable energy sources (including biomass) is growing in many countries worldwide.

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231

The deployment of renewable energy sources is one of the main factors in keeping the rise in average global temperature below 1.5 °C [10].

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232

Yet, electricity generation from renewable sources must expand faster to reach the milestones set in the Net Zero Emissions scenario by 2050, which demands the share of electricity generation from renewable sources to increase from nearly 29% in 2021 to more than 60% by 2030.

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233

The EU needs to include as many renewable energy sources as possible in the comprehensive energy mix to meet its 2030 targets for the share of renewable energy in final gross energy consumption and the carbon neutrality of the energy sector by 2050.

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234

According to the publication, Development of Renewable Energy in the Czech Republic until 2030 [70], the Czech Republic should increase its share of renewable energy sources to 33%–35% by 2030.

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236

What our forests will look like for future generations and the resulting impact of climate change on forestry will be is in the hands of forest managers [7].

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This would achieve energy efficiency, availability, and the security of energy supply across the European Union.

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238

If the set goal for the Czech Republic is the share of renewable energy sources in the total gross final energy consumption of 22% by 2030, the share of forest biomass from primary production in the energy mix is currently at its maximum available limit.

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239

Issues related to global environmental protection are highly important.

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Besides academic contributions, the findings of this study could serve as a reference to enterprises on assessing the effects of carbon emissions, carbon taxes, and environmental management on production decision-making.

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243

The misuse of natural resources by human and industrial activities affect the balance of the life cycle sustained by Earth and cause abnormal weather and global warming.

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Developed economies took responsibility for environmental protection through forming international organizations or signing protocols such as the Copenhagen Accord [2], the Kyoto Protocol [3], and the Paris Agreement [1].

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245

The theory of constraints (TOC), proposed by Goldratt in the book titled “The Goal” [11], aims to identify the constraints and managing them.

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247

Stepwise machine hour constraints:

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249

In this way, it is hoped that enterprises can reduce pollution via environmental management [29].

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First, it can provide decision-makers in tire production with the decisions and actions needed to respond to carbon tax policies, and it can provide environmental policy-makers with strategic thinking in policy making.

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254

Epoxy resin is one of the most significant thermosetting polymers having excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, high adhesion strength, corrosive resistance, favorable processing ability, and low curing shrinkage.

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255

It is widely used in adhesives, coatings, encapsulation, composite materials, and packaging materials for electronic devices [1,2,3,4,5].

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256

The replacement of BPA with alternatives from sustainable and renewable resources, such as bio-based polyphenols, is highly desired [7,8,9,10,11].

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257

These bio-based epoxy resins have been prepared from a variety of renewable resources, such as vegetable oils (soybean oil, linseed oil, palm oil, and castor oil) [14,15,16].

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258

Zhang et al. [18] prepared an epoxy grouting resin using lignin, which is an underutilized by-product of the forestry industry that has outstanding viscosity with a low mechanical property.

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261

Resin samples were prepared by dissolving 3 mg/mL in DCM and then filtering with a 0.45 µm nylon membrane.

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262

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Newly formed oxygen-rich AABW spreads north and fills up to 40% of the total volume of the global ocean, driving the lower limb of the global overturning circulation and renewing oxygen in (ventilating) the abyssal ocean interior .

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264

Past studies have highlighted rapid and widespread changes in the volume and salinity of AABW, with implications for global ocean circulation .

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However, observations of the abyssal Southern Ocean are sparse in space and time.

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266

Consequently, the drivers and impacts of variability in AABW properties and circulation remain poorly understood.

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The precursor of AABW is cold, relatively salty and oxygen-rich dense shelf water (DSW) formed on the Antarctic continental shelf by wintertime cooling and brine rejection.

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DSW exported from these shelf regions mixes with lighter water as it descends the continental slope to form AABW.

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270

Motivated by these results, we investigate the drivers of AABW change and its impact on abyssal circulation and ventilation using an observation-driven approach to quantify variability in volume and oxygen transport.

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274

The vertical velocity shear, calculated across the few hundred metres between the deepest two current meters on each mooring, is of order 1 × 10 s (positive values indicate speed increases with depth; Table 1).

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276

The alongisopycnal water-mass property changes are responsible for negligible amounts of total warming across all three transects in the Weddell Sea (Supplementary Figs. 2 and 3).

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278

The results indicate that a national carbon tax, without compensation, would increase poverty but have no significant impact on inequality.

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279

When tax revenues are recycled through transfer schemes, however, poverty would actually decrease.

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280

Literature has highlighted that a mix of policies may be needed as trade-offs, next to synergies, usually arise when trying to jointly achieve different Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Pradhan et al., 2017).

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282

These mechanisms are usually advocated due to their high efficiency, even if it is clear that other (non-price) policy instruments are necessary to fully address climate change mitigation (Stiglitz, 2019).

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283

German Development Institute, Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Tulpenfeld 6, 53113, Bonn, Germany. E-mail address: daniele.malerba@yahoo.it (D. Malerba).

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285

Following the government of Peru and the literature (Deaton, 2016), we use consumption (instead of income) as our welfare variable as this better captures welfare of lower deciles.

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286

In fact, through the analysis of the tax incidence, it is possible to understand the potential personal costs (higher energy prices and less purchasing power), and their distribution, both critical for the acceptability of carbon taxes (Maestre-Andr es et al., 2019).

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287

For a recent extensive investigation Nonetheless, a global carbon tax, alongside stronger environmental outcomes would bring more significant improvements in poverty and inequality to a middle-income country as Peru Carattini et al. (2019) found that, given revenues are distributed equally to global citizens, a global ...

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289

However, Peru has implemented very significant fiscal and economic reforms in the first decade of this century, enabled inter alia through strong political leadership and the emergence from a deep economic crisis that rendered reforms indispensable (Carranza, 2012).

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291

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect a, b c a The strongest drivers were perceived to be in the legislative and economic themes.

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292

Uncertainty in zero carbon homes policy is a barrier to zero carbon homebuilding.

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293

As a result, governments have recognised the need to introduce mandatory schemes through legislation, e.g. from 2016 all new build homes in the UK will be required to achieve zero carbon in regulated energy consumption.

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294

This paper explores the drivers and barriers for zero carbon homebuilding.

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295

The perceptions of the wider construction industry were gathered through a series of semi-structured interviews with professionals involved in commissioning, designing, constructing and regulating housing.

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297

Globally, buildings represent around 40% of primary energy consumption (IEA, 2014).

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As a means of encouraging the housebuilding sector to voluntarily improve the energy efficiency of new homes, the Code for Sustainable Homes (the Code) was introduced in 2007 (DCLG, 2013a).

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299

Since its inception, very few homes have been built to the higher levels of the Code (DCLG, 2013b) and of those that have, the vast majority have been public sector housing.

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300

A number of papers have considered definitions for zero energy buildings (Hernandez and Kenny, 2010; Marszal et al., 2011; Torcellini et al., 2006) and a broad range of issues in relation to the scope of a definition have been considered, including energy efficiency, renewable energy generation, grid connection a...

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301

Allowable solutions provide for local, near or off-site carbon offsetting, such as a community renewable energy scheme (Zero Carbon Hub, 2011).

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Homes can be awarded a star rating between levels 1 and 6, with 6 being the most sustainable.

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Interviewees believed that the increasing cost of energy has started to make homeowners conscious of the energy efficiency of their homes.

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307

Of greater concern to the interviewees than the skills and knowledge of the designers, contractors and regulators was that of the building occupants.

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Concerns were expressed that the overreliance on volume housebuilders in the UK is flawed as it fails to deliver homes that meet the occupants' needs.

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