P0L3/CliReNER_v_1_1_28_SILVER · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 1 4	text stringlengths 4 539	tokens listlengths 3 97	ner_tags listlengths 3 97
813	In more open waters, such as Lake Balaton in Hungary, bird droppings were still considered to be a potential source of eutrophication, even from only a few hundred nests [15].	[ "In", "more", "open", "waters", ",", "such", "as", "Lake", "Balaton", "in", "Hungary", ",", "bird", "droppings", "were", "still", "considered", "to", "be", "a", "potential", "source", "of", "eutrophication", ",", "even", "from", "only", "a", "few", "hundre...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 21, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
814	For the research reported herein, the quantification of ammonia and uric acid at the inflow was used to determine the anthropogenic contribution of uric acid concentration in the wastewater that had persisted through the WWTP.	[ "For", "the", "research", "reported", "herein", ",", "the", "quantification", "of", "ammonia", "and", "uric", "acid", "at", "the", "inflow", "was", "used", "to", "determine", "the", "anthropogenic", "contribution", "of", "uric", "acid", "concentration", "in", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 7, 8, 49, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0 ]
815	The stratified heterogeneous sampling of the water throughout the flow train of the park allowed the quantification of ammonia and uric acid added due to animal (non-anthropogenic) sources.	[ "The", "stratified", "heterogeneous", "sampling", "of", "the", "water", "throughout", "the", "flow", "train", "of", "the", "park", "allowed", "the", "quantification", "of", "ammonia", "and", "uric", "acid", "added", "due", "to", "animal", "(", "non-anthropogenic...	[ 0, 29, 30, 30, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 53, 54, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 29, 0, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0 ]
816	A variety of uric acid quantification methods are presently published.	[ "A", "variety", "of", "uric", "acid", "quantification", "methods", "are", "presently", "published", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
817	Early in the 20th century, colorimetric methods were published to quantify uric acid in the blood of human medical patients in an effort to diagnose gout [16].	[ "Early", "in", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "colorimetric", "methods", "were", "published", "to", "quantify", "uric", "acid", "in", "the", "blood", "of", "human", "medical", "patients", "in", "an", "effort", "to", "diagnose", "gout", "[", "16", "]", "." ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 35, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
818	Spectrophotometric methods were subsequently refined [17] and more recently, sensitive enzyme-based fluorescence methods have been published [18].	[ "Spectrophotometric", "methods", "were", "subsequently", "refined", "[", "17", "]", "and", "more", "recently", ",", "sensitive", "enzyme-based", "fluorescence", "methods", "have", "been", "published", "[", "18", "]", "." ]	[ 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
819	Fluorescence methods are more sensitive than spectrophotometric methods and were therefore used in this study.	[ "Fluorescence", "methods", "are", "more", "sensitive", "than", "spectrophotometric", "methods", "and", "were", "therefore", "used", "in", "this", "study", "." ]	[ 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 15, 0 ]
820	In addition to uric acid concentration data, the total nitrogen and total phosphorous levels were obtained by the Iron Bridge WWTP in-house laboratory, along with the bird counts obtained within a week of the water sampling dates to determine if any correlation existed between uric acid and the amount of wildlife inhab...	[ "In", "addition", "to", "uric", "acid", "concentration", "data", ",", "the", "total", "nitrogen", "and", "total", "phosphorous", "levels", "were", "obtained", "by", "the", "Iron", "Bridge", "WWTP", "in-house", "laboratory", ",", "along", "with", "the", "bird",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 49, 0, 0, 0, 49, 7, 0, 49, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
821	An analysis of avian, fish, and alligator excreta was also conducted to determine the uric acid additions to the wetlands.	[ "An", "analysis", "of", "avian", ",", "fish", ",", "and", "alligator", "excreta", "was", "also", "conducted", "to", "determine", "the", "uric", "acid", "additions", "to", "the", "wetlands", "." ]	[ 0, 29, 0, 35, 0, 35, 0, 0, 35, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 ]
822	The time frame reported herein extends from September 2017 to March 2018, and includes a sampling immediately following an extreme weather event, Hurricane Irma, in September 2017.	[ "The", "time", "frame", "reported", "herein", "extends", "from", "September", "2017", "to", "March", "2018", ",", "and", "includes", "a", "sampling", "immediately", "following", "an", "extreme", "weather", "event", ",", "Hurricane", "Irma", ",", "in", "Septemb...	[ 55, 56, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0 ]
823	OEW receives the WWTP effluent and distributes it throughout a 4.9 km2 area partitioned into seventeen cells.	[ "OEW", "receives", "the", "WWTP", "effluent", "and", "distributes", "it", "throughout", "a", "4", ".", "9", "km2", "area", "partitioned", "into", "seventeen", "cells", "." ]	[ 11, 0, 0, 37, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 49, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0 ]
824	The influent water divides and follows three main paths (referred to as North, Central, and South, see Figure 2 at the influent control structure.	[ "The", "influent", "water", "divides", "and", "follows", "three", "main", "paths", "(", "referred", "to", "as", "North", ",", "Central", ",", "and", "South", ",", "see", "Figure", "2", "at", "the", "influent", "control", "structure", "." ]	[ 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 0, 17, 0, 0, 17, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 53, 54, 54, 0 ]
825	The water flows under gravity with its flow rate restricted by water control structures and berms to maintain an approximately 30 day residence in the wetland.	[ "The", "water", "flows", "under", "gravity", "with", "its", "flow", "rate", "restricted", "by", "water", "control", "structures", "and", "berms", "to", "maintain", "an", "approximately", "30", "day", "residence", "in", "the", "wetland", "." ]	[ 0, 5, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 53, 54, 54, 0, 17, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 ]
827	Therefore, a stratified heterogeneous sampling procedure was employed to characterize the variation in uric acid.	[ "Therefore", ",", "a", "stratified", "heterogeneous", "sampling", "procedure", "was", "employed", "to", "characterize", "the", "variation", "in", "uric", "acid", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]
828	Similar approaches were used along the central and south flow paths.	[ "Similar", "approaches", "were", "used", "along", "the", "central", "and", "south", "flow", "paths", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 21, 53, 54, 0 ]
829	Water near a roosting site (labeled Rookery in Figure 2, pictured in Figure 3) near the outflow canal, and a cypress dome (pictured in Figure 3) which serves as a habitat for birds, were sampled from a boat.	[ "Water", "near", "a", "roosting", "site", "(", "labeled", "Rookery", "in", "Figure", "2", ",", "pictured", "in", "Figure", "3", ")", "near", "the", "outflow", "canal", ",", "and", "a", "cypress", "dome", "(", "pictured", "in", "Figure", "3", ")", "whic...	[ 5, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 21, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0 ]
830	At the time of the sample collection, the pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature of the water were measured.	[ "At", "the", "time", "of", "the", "sample", "collection", ",", "the", "pH", ",", "conductivity", ",", "dissolved", "oxygen", ",", "and", "temperature", "of", "the", "water", "were", "measured", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 56, 56, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0 ]
831	The dates of collection were, 17 September 2017, 1 December 2017, and 1 March 2018.	[ "The", "dates", "of", "collection", "were", ",", "17", "September", "2017", ",", "1", "December", "2017", ",", "and", "1", "March", "2018", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0 ]
832	The September 2017 sampling date occurred 7 days following Hurricane Irma, which passed over central Florida as a category 1 hurricane on 11 September 2017.	[ "The", "September", "2017", "sampling", "date", "occurred", "7", "days", "following", "Hurricane", "Irma", ",", "which", "passed", "over", "central", "Florida", "as", "a", "category", "1", "hurricane", "on", "11", "September", "2017", "." ]	[ 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 21, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0 ]
833	An Amplex™ Red Uric Acid/Uricase Assay Kit from Molecular Probes was used to prepare the solutions for the fluorescence measurements.	[ "An", "Amplex", "™", "Red", "Uric", "Acid", "/", "Uricase", "Assay", "Kit", "from", "Molecular", "Probes", "was", "used", "to", "prepare", "the", "solutions", "for", "the", "fluorescence", "measurements", "." ]	[ 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 0, 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0 ]
834	Solutions to conduct the enzymatic assay were frozen at −20 °C when not in use.	[ "Solutions", "to", "conduct", "the", "enzymatic", "assay", "were", "frozen", "at", "−", "20", "°", "C", "when", "not", "in", "use", "." ]	[ 7, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
835	A 10 mM solution of Amplex Red was created by dissolving 0.26 mg Amplex Red in 100 µL DMSO.	[ "A", "10", "mM", "solution", "of", "Amplex", "Red", "was", "created", "by", "dissolving", "0", ".", "26", "mg", "Amplex", "Red", "in", "100", "µL", "DMSO", "." ]	[ 0, 49, 50, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 7, 8, 0, 49, 50, 7, 0 ]
836	A 100 U/mL of solution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was prepared by dissolving 20 U of HRP in 200 µL of a reaction buffer at pH 7.2.	[ "A", "100", "U", "/", "mL", "of", "solution", "of", "horseradish", "peroxidase", "(", "HRP", ")", "was", "prepared", "by", "dissolving", "20", "U", "of", "HRP", "in", "200", "µL", "of", "a", "reaction", "buffer", "at", "pH", "7", ".", "2", "." ]	[ 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 49, 50, 0, 7, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0 ]
837	The buffer was composed of 0.5 M Tris-HCl and 5 mM CaCl2.	[ "The", "buffer", "was", "composed", "of", "0", ".", "5", "M", "Tris-HCl", "and", "5", "mM", "CaCl2", "." ]	[ 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 7, 0, 49, 50, 7, 0 ]
838	The uricase enzyme (10 U) was dissolved in 100 µL of deionized H2O to create a 100 U/mL solution.	[ "The", "uricase", "enzyme", "(", "10", "U", ")", "was", "dissolved", "in", "100", "µL", "of", "deionized", "H2O", "to", "create", "a", "100", "U", "/", "mL", "solution", "." ]	[ 0, 7, 8, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 39, 7, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 7, 0 ]
839	An enzymatic reaction mixture was prepared using 50 µL of the Amplex Red solution, 20 µL of the HRP solution, 20 µL of the uricase solution, and 4.91 mL of the reaction buffer.	[ "An", "enzymatic", "reaction", "mixture", "was", "prepared", "using", "50", "µL", "of", "the", "Amplex", "Red", "solution", ",", "20", "µL", "of", "the", "HRP", "solution", ",", "20", "µL", "of", "the", "uricase", "solution", ",", "and", "4", ".", "91"...	[ 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 7, 8, 7, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 7, 7, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 7, 7, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]
840	The avian, fish, and alligator excreta samples were analyzed using the same enzymatic assay but required prior preparation.	[ "The", "avian", ",", "fish", ",", "and", "alligator", "excreta", "samples", "were", "analyzed", "using", "the", "same", "enzymatic", "assay", "but", "required", "prior", "preparation", "." ]	[ 0, 35, 0, 35, 0, 0, 35, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
841	For these samples, a small quantity of dry, frozen excreta was ground with a pestle and mortar, and added to 100 mL of a 0.1 M arginine buffer (pH = 9.3).	[ "For", "these", "samples", ",", "a", "small", "quantity", "of", "dry", ",", "frozen", "excreta", "was", "ground", "with", "a", "pestle", "and", "mortar", ",", "and", "added", "to", "100", "mL", "of", "a", "0", ".", "1", "M", "arginine", "buffer", "("...	[ 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 39, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 7, 8, 0, 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 0, 0 ]
842	The solutions were mixed for 1 h and then the particulates settled under gravity.	[ "The", "solutions", "were", "mixed", "for", "1", "h", "and", "then", "the", "particulates", "settled", "under", "gravity", "." ]	[ 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 45, 0 ]
843	Water samples and extracted excreta samples were filtered using Whatman #43 filter paper, and 50 µL of each sample was placed in a cell on the microplate.	[ "Water", "samples", "and", "extracted", "excreta", "samples", "were", "filtered", "using", "Whatman", "#", "43", "filter", "paper", ",", "and", "50", "µL", "of", "each", "sample", "was", "placed", "in", "a", "cell", "on", "the", "microplate", "." ]	[ 7, 8, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 39, 0 ]
844	A deionized water blank, and a 20 mM H2O2 solution (positive control) were dispensed in separate microplate cells, and the uric acid standard solutions (1–10 µM) were also placed in microplate cells.	[ "A", "deionized", "water", "blank", ",", "and", "a", "20", "mM", "H2O2", "solution", "(", "positive", "control", ")", "were", "dispensed", "in", "separate", "microplate", "cells", ",", "and", "the", "uric", "acid", "standard", "solutions", "(", "1", "–", ...	[ 0, 39, 7, 19, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 7, 7, 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 7, 8, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]
845	The enzyme reaction mixture (50 µL) was added to all the standard solutions and samples, and the data recordings were taken after the solutions were incubated at 37 °C for 30–40 min with the enzyme mixture before analysis.	[ "The", "enzyme", "reaction", "mixture", "(", "50", "µL", ")", "was", "added", "to", "all", "the", "standard", "solutions", "and", "samples", ",", "and", "the", "data", "recordings", "were", "taken", "after", "the", "solutions", "were", "incubated", "at", "...	[ 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 46, 0, 55, 56, 56, 56, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 29, 0 ]
846	The total nitrogen and ammonia concentrations in wetland surface water were measured using the total Kjeldahl nitrogen method and colorimetric analysis, respectively.	[ "The", "total", "nitrogen", "and", "ammonia", "concentrations", "in", "wetland", "surface", "water", "were", "measured", "using", "the", "total", "Kjeldahl", "nitrogen", "method", "and", "colorimetric", "analysis", ",", "respectively", "." ]	[ 0, 49, 7, 0, 7, 49, 0, 5, 6, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0 ]
847	Quantification was performed by a local government laboratory in the city of Orlando, using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods.	[ "Quantification", "was", "performed", "by", "a", "local", "government", "laboratory", "in", "the", "city", "of", "Orlando", ",", "using", "Environmental", "Protection", "Agency", "(", "EPA", ")", "methods", "." ]	[ 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 29, 0 ]
849	The instrument was operated in fluorescence mode, with an excitation wavelength of 510 nm and an emission wavelength 590 nm.	[ "The", "instrument", "was", "operated", "in", "fluorescence", "mode", ",", "with", "an", "excitation", "wavelength", "of", "510", "nm", "and", "an", "emission", "wavelength", "590", "nm", "." ]	[ 25, 26, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 45, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 45, 49, 49, 50, 0 ]
850	The excitation bandwidth was 9 nm and the emission bandwidth was 20 nm, with an integration time of 5 ms.	[ "The", "excitation", "bandwidth", "was", "9", "nm", "and", "the", "emission", "bandwidth", "was", "20", "nm", ",", "with", "an", "integration", "time", "of", "5", "ms", "." ]	[ 0, 45, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 45, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 55, 56, 0 ]
851	The measurements made by the Iron Bridge in-house laboratory included the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and the colorimetric nitrate–nitrite analysis by approved Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods.	[ "The", "measurements", "made", "by", "the", "Iron", "Bridge", "in-house", "laboratory", "included", "the", "total", "Kjeldahl", "nitrogen", "(", "TKN", ")", ",", "and", "the", "colorimetric", "nitrate", "–", "nitrite", "analysis", "by", "approved", "Environmenta...	[ 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 37, 38, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 29, 0 ]
852	EPA 351.2 was used for the TKN, and EPA 353.2 was used for the NOx N. Uric acid in OEW surface waters was measured using the Amplex Red fluorimetric assay; the limit of detection for the assay was measured to be 0.2 ppm uric acid.	[ "EPA", "351", ".", "2", "was", "used", "for", "the", "TKN", ",", "and", "EPA", "353", ".", "2", "was", "used", "for", "the", "NOx", "N", ".", "Uric", "acid", "in", "OEW", "surface", "waters", "was", "measured", "using", "the", "Amplex", "Red", "flu...	[ 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 8, 0, 11, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 7, 8, 0 ]
853	The concentration profiles for the park are shown in Figure 4.	[ "The", "concentration", "profiles", "for", "the", "park", "are", "shown", "in", "Figure", "4", "." ]	[ 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0 ]
854	The average influent concentration for the three dates is 2.2 ± 1.2 ppm.	[ "The", "average", "influent", "concentration", "for", "the", "three", "dates", "is", "2", ".", "2", "±", "1", ".", "2", "ppm", "." ]	[ 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 49, 50, 50, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0 ]
855	The effluent concentration for each sampling date was below the limit of detection (i.e., below 0.2 ppm).	[ "The", "effluent", "concentration", "for", "each", "sampling", "date", "was", "below", "the", "limit", "of", "detection", "(", "i", ".", "e", ".", ",", "below", "0", ".", "2", "ppm", ")", "." ]	[ 0, 5, 49, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0 ]
856	The decrease in anthropogenic uric acid was noteworthy and indicated that the treatment in the wetlands was functioning as intended.	[ "The", "decrease", "in", "anthropogenic", "uric", "acid", "was", "noteworthy", "and", "indicated", "that", "the", "treatment", "in", "the", "wetlands", "was", "functioning", "as", "intended", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 39, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
857	In the case of the September 2017 measurements, for which sampling occurred within a week of a category 1 hurricane, the concentrations of uric acid at most sites following the inflow were below the limit of detection, with few exceptions.	[ "In", "the", "case", "of", "the", "September", "2017", "measurements", ",", "for", "which", "sampling", "occurred", "within", "a", "week", "of", "a", "category", "1", "hurricane", ",", "the", "concentrations", "of", "uric", "acid", "at", "most", "sites", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 19, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
858	This is likely due to the large volume of rain that was flushed through the park during the storm event, simultaneously diluting the uric acid present in the cells and increasing the rate of effluent discharge.	[ "This", "is", "likely", "due", "to", "the", "large", "volume", "of", "rain", "that", "was", "flushed", "through", "the", "park", "during", "the", "storm", "event", ",", "simultaneously", "diluting", "the", "uric", "acid", "present", "in", "the", "cells", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0 ]
859	Typically, 57 million liters per day are discharged, however, the average for September 2017 was 157 million liters per day.	[ "Typically", ",", "57", "million", "liters", "per", "day", "are", "discharged", ",", "however", ",", "the", "average", "for", "September", "2017", "was", "157", "million", "liters", "per", "day", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0 ]
860	The rainfall resulting from that storm event can be compared to the average rainfall data for the preceding two years and for the following year, shown in Figure 5A.	[ "The", "rainfall", "resulting", "from", "that", "storm", "event", "can", "be", "compared", "to", "the", "average", "rainfall", "data", "for", "the", "preceding", "two", "years", "and", "for", "the", "following", "year", ",", "shown", "in", "Figure", "5A", ...	[ 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]
861	Conversely, the rainfall during the months of the December 2017 and March 2018 were much lower, near 5 cm.	[ "Conversely", ",", "the", "rainfall", "during", "the", "months", "of", "the", "December", "2017", "and", "March", "2018", "were", "much", "lower", ",", "near", "5", "cm", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0 ]
862	Given the presence of wildlife in the park, one of the aims of this project was to determine if uric acid contributed by animal excreta could be quantified in the water.	[ "Given", "the", "presence", "of", "wildlife", "in", "the", "park", ",", "one", "of", "the", "aims", "of", "this", "project", "was", "to", "determine", "if", "uric", "acid", "contributed", "by", "animal", "excreta", "could", "be", "quantified", "in", "the",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0 ]
863	Evidence of animal uric acid can be seen at several sites in the plots in Figure 4.	[ "Evidence", "of", "animal", "uric", "acid", "can", "be", "seen", "at", "several", "sites", "in", "the", "plots", "in", "Figure", "4", "." ]	[ 19, 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0 ]
864	For both the September 2017 and December 2017 data, the majority of the sites do not contain quantities of uric acid measurable by the methods used.	[ "For", "both", "the", "September", "2017", "and", "December", "2017", "data", ",", "the", "majority", "of", "the", "sites", "do", "not", "contain", "quantities", "of", "uric", "acid", "measurable", "by", "the", "methods", "used", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 55, 56, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0 ]
865	Notable exceptions include discrete regions such as 8× (deep marsh water control structure, north flow path) in September, and 13× (mixed marsh water control structure, north flow path) in December, where the concentrations of uric acid exceeded those of the preceding sites.	[ "Notable", "exceptions", "include", "discrete", "regions", "such", "as", "8", "×", "(", "deep", "marsh", "water", "control", "structure", ",", "north", "flow", "path", ")", "in", "September", ",", "and", "13", "×", "(", "mixed", "marsh", "water", "control"...	[ 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 53, 54, 54, 54, 54, 0, 17, 18, 18, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 53, 54, 54, 54, 54, 0, 17, 18, 18, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]
866	The March 2018 data show considerably higher concentrations of uric acid due to non-anthropogenic sources, especially along the central and south flow path.	[ "The", "March", "2018", "data", "show", "considerably", "higher", "concentrations", "of", "uric", "acid", "due", "to", "non-anthropogenic", "sources", ",", "especially", "along", "the", "central", "and", "south", "flow", "path", "." ]	[ 0, 55, 56, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 21, 17, 18, 0 ]
867	Importantly, by the time the water reaches the outfall canal (HS10), the concentrations are once again below the limit of detection.	[ "Importantly", ",", "by", "the", "time", "the", "water", "reaches", "the", "outfall", "canal", "(", "HS10", ")", ",", "the", "concentrations", "are", "once", "again", "below", "the", "limit", "of", "detection", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 17, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0 ]
868	Uric acid was quantified in the excreta from reptiles (Alligator mississippiensis, collected from site 8×), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, collected from site 18C), and avian guano (unknown species, scraped from leaves in the cypress dome).	[ "Uric", "acid", "was", "quantified", "in", "the", "excreta", "from", "reptiles", "(", "Alligator", "mississippiensis", ",", "collected", "from", "site", "8", "×", ")", ",", "largemouth", "bass", "(", "Micropterus", "salmoides", ",", "collected", "from", "site"...	[ 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 35, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 22, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 35, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0 ]
869	The uric acid composition of each was found to be 0.439%, 0.972%, and 5.5% by dry mass, respectively.	[ "The", "uric", "acid", "composition", "of", "each", "was", "found", "to", "be", "0", ".", "439", "%", ",", "0", ".", "972", "%", ",", "and", "5", ".", "5", "%", "by", "dry", "mass", ",", "respectively", "." ]	[ 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0 ]
870	Given these percentages, the avian excreta in particular seem likely contributors to the uric acid added to the wetland.	[ "Given", "these", "percentages", ",", "the", "avian", "excreta", "in", "particular", "seem", "likely", "contributors", "to", "the", "uric", "acid", "added", "to", "the", "wetland", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 35, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 ]
871	To assess the likelihood waterfowl increasing the uric acid, two avian specialists volunteered to conduct a ground survey of the birds present in the wetland.	[ "To", "assess", "the", "likelihood", "waterfowl", "increasing", "the", "uric", "acid", ",", "two", "avian", "specialists", "volunteered", "to", "conduct", "a", "ground", "survey", "of", "the", "birds", "present", "in", "the", "wetland", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 35, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 49, 41, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 ]
872	Each survey occurred at sunrise when roosting birds leave the cypress dome.	[ "Each", "survey", "occurred", "at", "sunrise", "when", "roosting", "birds", "leave", "the", "cypress", "dome", "." ]	[ 0, 29, 0, 0, 55, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0 ]
873	The bird counts and identities were estimated by one bird specialist and independently confirmed by a second.	[ "The", "bird", "counts", "and", "identities", "were", "estimated", "by", "one", "bird", "specialist", "and", "independently", "confirmed", "by", "a", "second", "." ]	[ 0, 35, 49, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0 ]
874	The species of birds present and their estimated numbers are shown in Figure 6.	[ "The", "species", "of", "birds", "present", "and", "their", "estimated", "numbers", "are", "shown", "in", "Figure", "6", "." ]	[ 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]
875	In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency published bird count data [19] for wading birds that were collected from low altitude aerial surveys.	[ "In", "1993", ",", "the", "Environmental", "Protection", "Agency", "published", "bird", "count", "data", "[", "19", "]", "for", "wading", "birds", "that", "were", "collected", "from", "low", "altitude", "aerial", "surveys", "." ]	[ 0, 55, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 19, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0 ]
878	It is apparent from the data from 34 years preceding the data in Figure 6, that the average number of wading birds per hectare has risen dramatically.	[ "It", "is", "apparent", "from", "the", "data", "from", "34", "years", "preceding", "the", "data", "in", "Figure", "6", ",", "that", "the", "average", "number", "of", "wading", "birds", "per", "hectare", "has", "risen", "dramatically", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 19, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
879	Given that the previous study was conducted within 6 years of the OEW conversion from cattle pasture to wetland, it is perhaps not surprising that the wildlife numbers immediately following the construction would be low initially but rise over the intervening years.	[ "Given", "that", "the", "previous", "study", "was", "conducted", "within", "6", "years", "of", "the", "OEW", "conversion", "from", "cattle", "pasture", "to", "wetland", ",", "it", "is", "perhaps", "not", "surprising", "that", "the", "wildlife", "numbers", "i...	[ 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 11, 12, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0 ]
880	In the 1993 report, there was seasonal variation in the bird count that varied by more than a factor of 4 (55 wading birds counted in May 1992 and 267 in Oct 1991), while a similar seasonal variation was also observed for the more recent data reported herein.	[ "In", "the", "1993", "report", ",", "there", "was", "seasonal", "variation", "in", "the", "bird", "count", "that", "varied", "by", "more", "than", "a", "factor", "of", "4", "(", "55", "wading", "birds", "counted", "in", "May", "1992", "and", "267", "in...	[ 0, 0, 55, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 35, 36, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 49, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0 ]
881	It is noteworthy from Figure 6 that the largest number of birds present was counted at the time of the December sampling, when transient migratory birds were more likely to be present in the subtropical climate.	[ "It", "is", "noteworthy", "from", "Figure", "6", "that", "the", "largest", "number", "of", "birds", "present", "was", "counted", "at", "the", "time", "of", "the", "December", "sampling", ",", "when", "transient", "migratory", "birds", "were", "more", "likely...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 29, 0, 0, 39, 39, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 53, 54, 0 ]
882	However, surprisingly, December uric acid samples did not show the highest UA concentrations.	[ "However", ",", "surprisingly", ",", "December", "uric", "acid", "samples", "did", "not", "show", "the", "highest", "UA", "concentrations", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 7, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 49, 0 ]
883	The March bird count data show the fewest numbers of birds, and yet also present the highest consistent concentrations of uric acid.	[ "The", "March", "bird", "count", "data", "show", "the", "fewest", "numbers", "of", "birds", ",", "and", "yet", "also", "present", "the", "highest", "consistent", "concentrations", "of", "uric", "acid", "." ]	[ 0, 55, 19, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]
884	There may be several contributing variables to this disparity.	[ "There", "may", "be", "several", "contributing", "variables", "to", "this", "disparity", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
885	One possibility may be that the March sampling data included the highest number of cormorants, piscivorous water birds which have been reported to excrete high concentrations of uric acid below their roost [14].	[ "One", "possibility", "may", "be", "that", "the", "March", "sampling", "data", "included", "the", "highest", "number", "of", "cormorants", ",", "piscivorous", "water", "birds", "which", "have", "been", "reported", "to", "excrete", "high", "concentrations", "of",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 35, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
886	A contributing scenario is likely the presence of reptilian and fish species, with excrement-containing uric acid.	[ "A", "contributing", "scenario", "is", "likely", "the", "presence", "of", "reptilian", "and", "fish", "species", ",", "with", "excrement-containing", "uric", "acid", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 35, 35, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 0 ]
887	Other confounding factors include the solubility of uric acid as a function of temperature and pH, discussed in the following paragraphs.	[ "Other", "confounding", "factors", "include", "the", "solubility", "of", "uric", "acid", "as", "a", "function", "of", "temperature", "and", "pH", ",", "discussed", "in", "the", "following", "paragraphs", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 23, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 23, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
888	The effect of solubility on concentrations of UA, particularly as a rationale for the low concentration of uric acid in the surface waters when the transient bird populations are higher and water temperatures are colder (December data, Figure 4), was investigated.	[ "The", "effect", "of", "solubility", "on", "concentrations", "of", "UA", ",", "particularly", "as", "a", "rationale", "for", "the", "low", "concentration", "of", "uric", "acid", "in", "the", "surface", "waters", "when", "the", "transient", "bird", "populations...	[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 0, 0, 5, 49, 0, 0, 0, 55, 19, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
889	The precipitation and sedimentation of UA may be a rational for its low aqueous concentrations.	[ "The", "precipitation", "and", "sedimentation", "of", "UA", "may", "be", "a", "rational", "for", "its", "low", "aqueous", "concentrations", "." ]	[ 0, 27, 0, 45, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0 ]
890	The solubility of uric acid depends on its ionization state and the temperature of the solutions.	[ "The", "solubility", "of", "uric", "acid", "depends", "on", "its", "ionization", "state", "and", "the", "temperature", "of", "the", "solutions", "." ]	[ 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 7, 0 ]
891	The ionization is pH-dependent, with the un-ionized form exhibiting pKa 5.5, above which, the monobasic urate predominates.	[ "The", "ionization", "is", "pH-dependent", ",", "with", "the", "un-ionized", "form", "exhibiting", "pKa", "5", ".", "5", ",", "above", "which", ",", "the", "monobasic", "urate", "predominates", "." ]	[ 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 49, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0 ]
892	The monobasic form can be further ionized at higher pH, with pKa 10.3.	[ "The", "monobasic", "form", "can", "be", "further", "ionized", "at", "higher", "pH", ",", "with", "pKa", "10", ".", "3", "." ]	[ 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 49, 49, 50, 50, 0 ]
893	The fraction of the various forms of uric acid are shown in Figure 7.	[ "The", "fraction", "of", "the", "various", "forms", "of", "uric", "acid", "are", "shown", "in", "Figure", "7", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]
894	The pH measured at the time of the water sampling varied throughout the wetland between 6.69 and 8.98, with an average pH of 7.4 ± 0.6 (see Figure 5B).	[ "The", "pH", "measured", "at", "the", "time", "of", "the", "water", "sampling", "varied", "throughout", "the", "wetland", "between", "6", ".", "69", "and", "8", ".", "98", ",", "with", "an", "average", "pH", "of", "7", ".", "4", "±", "0", ".", "6",...	[ 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 49, 49, 0, 49, 50, 50, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0 ]
895	The pH of the water entering and exiting the wetland shows largely invariant values over time, with some small increase near the mixed marsh during the spring 2018 sampling, when aquatic vegetation (SAV) would be rapidly growing.	[ "The", "pH", "of", "the", "water", "entering", "and", "exiting", "the", "wetland", "shows", "largely", "invariant", "values", "over", "time", ",", "with", "some", "small", "increase", "near", "the", "mixed", "marsh", "during", "the", "spring", "2018", "sampl...	[ 0, 49, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 55, 56, 29, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
896	Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from water, which is in equilibrium with carbonic acid.	[ "Photosynthesis", "removes", "carbon", "dioxide", "from", "water", ",", "which", "is", "in", "equilibrium", "with", "carbonic", "acid", "." ]	[ 33, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]
897	The removal of CO2 tends to have the effect of slightly increasing the pH of the water.	[ "The", "removal", "of", "CO2", "tends", "to", "have", "the", "effect", "of", "slightly", "increasing", "the", "pH", "of", "the", "water", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 5, 0 ]
898	Within the measured pH range, the monobasic urate form represents at least 97% of the formal concentration of uric acid.	[ "Within", "the", "measured", "pH", "range", ",", "the", "monobasic", "urate", "form", "represents", "at", "least", "97", "%", "of", "the", "formal", "concentration", "of", "uric", "acid", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]
899	It is, therefore, the solubility of the basic form that is the most relevant to determining if precipitation is a major mechanism of the depletion of uric acid in solution.	[ "It", "is", ",", "therefore", ",", "the", "solubility", "of", "the", "basic", "form", "that", "is", "the", "most", "relevant", "to", "determining", "if", "precipitation", "is", "a", "major", "mechanism", "of", "the", "depletion", "of", "uric", "acid", "in"...	[ 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 45, 46, 0, 0, 45, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0 ]
900	They acknowledge the potential confusion caused by the use of the term, uric acid, to mean all the protonated and deprotonated forms of the species.	[ "They", "acknowledge", "the", "potential", "confusion", "caused", "by", "the", "use", "of", "the", "term", ",", "uric", "acid", ",", "to", "mean", "all", "the", "protonated", "and", "deprotonated", "forms", "of", "the", "species", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 39, 0, 0, 39, 0 ]
901	In this work, we similarly use the term uric acid to specify the formal concentration of all the protonated states.	[ "In", "this", "work", ",", "we", "similarly", "use", "the", "term", "uric", "acid", "to", "specify", "the", "formal", "concentration", "of", "all", "the", "protonated", "states", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 41, 0, 0, 0, 39, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]
902	𝐾𝑠𝑝=5120𝑒𝑥𝑝(1.09𝐼√−5700𝑇)Ksp=5120exp1.09I−5700T	[ "𝐾𝑠𝑝", "=", "5120𝑒𝑥𝑝", "(", "1", ".", "09𝐼", "√", "−", "5700𝑇", ")", "Ksp", "=", "5120exp1", ".", "09I", "−", "5700T" ]	[ 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24 ]
903	(1)	[ "(", "1", ")" ]	[ 0, 49, 0 ]
904	To obtain a theoretical value of monobasic urate solubility using equation (1), the ionic strength of the wetland water was first estimated from the electrical conductivity of the water that was measured at the time of sampling, which ranged from 414–536 μS/cm.	[ "To", "obtain", "a", "theoretical", "value", "of", "monobasic", "urate", "solubility", "using", "equation", "(", "1", ")", ",", "the", "ionic", "strength", "of", "the", "wetland", "water", "was", "first", "estimated", "from", "the", "electrical", "conductivity...	[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 7, 8, 49, 0, 23, 24, 24, 24, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0 ]
905	The linear relationship between conductivity and ionic strength, reported by Griffin and Jurinak [21], resulted in ionic strength conditions of 0.06–0.08 M. Therefore, under the temperature and ionic strength conditions measured at the wetland, the solubility of monobasic urate is calculated to range from 0.003 M–0.007...	[ "The", "linear", "relationship", "between", "conductivity", "and", "ionic", "strength", ",", "reported", "by", "Griffin", "and", "Jurinak", "[", "21", "]", ",", "resulted", "in", "ionic", "strength", "conditions", "of", "0", ".", "06", "–", "0", ".", "08",...	[ 0, 23, 24, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 41, 42, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50...
906	These solubilities are well above all of the concentrations of UA measured at the wetland, even for those colder temperatures for December 2017 sampling dates, so the loss of UA from the water is not likely to be due to precipitation and sedimentation.	[ "These", "solubilities", "are", "well", "above", "all", "of", "the", "concentrations", "of", "UA", "measured", "at", "the", "wetland", ",", "even", "for", "those", "colder", "temperatures", "for", "December", "2017", "sampling", "dates", ",", "so", "the", "l...	[ 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 33, 0 ]
907	One possible explanation for the removal of UA from wetland water is the presence of microorganisms [22] with the capability to degrade uric acid with the subsequent formation of ammonia.	[ "One", "possible", "explanation", "for", "the", "removal", "of", "UA", "from", "wetland", "water", "is", "the", "presence", "of", "microorganisms", "[", "22", "]", "with", "the", "capability", "to", "degrade", "uric", "acid", "with", "the", "subsequent", "fo...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0 ]
908	Both aerobic [23] and anerobic [24] species of bacteria have been shown to decompose uric acid.	[ "Both", "aerobic", "[", "23", "]", "and", "anerobic", "[", "24", "]", "species", "of", "bacteria", "have", "been", "shown", "to", "decompose", "uric", "acid", "." ]	[ 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]
909	Anaerobic bacteria have been shown to convert UA to xanthine, with the subsequent decomposition forming ammonia, formic acid, carbon dioxide and glycine.	[ "Anaerobic", "bacteria", "have", "been", "shown", "to", "convert", "UA", "to", "xanthine", ",", "with", "the", "subsequent", "decomposition", "forming", "ammonia", ",", "formic", "acid", ",", "carbon", "dioxide", "and", "glycine", "." ]	[ 35, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0 ]
910	Aerobic bacteria mineralize UA to allantoin, allantoic acid, urea and eventually, ammonia.	[ "Aerobic", "bacteria", "mineralize", "UA", "to", "allantoin", ",", "allantoic", "acid", ",", "urea", "and", "eventually", ",", "ammonia", "." ]	[ 35, 36, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0 ]
912	Evidence for microbial degradation in the wetland could then be sought in the total nitrogen and ammonia concentrations.	[ "Evidence", "for", "microbial", "degradation", "in", "the", "wetland", "could", "then", "be", "sought", "in", "the", "total", "nitrogen", "and", "ammonia", "concentrations", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 49, 0 ]
913	Figure 8 shows the concentrations of total nitrogen and ammonia concentrations for the water sampled at the same sites, dates, and times where the water was collected for UA analysis.	[ "Figure", "8", "shows", "the", "concentrations", "of", "total", "nitrogen", "and", "ammonia", "concentrations", "for", "the", "water", "sampled", "at", "the", "same", "sites", ",", "dates", ",", "and", "times", "where", "the", "water", "was", "collected", "f...	[ 39, 40, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 49, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 55, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0 ]
914	The north and south flow train (Figure 8, graphs A and C) show an initial decline in the total N through the first cells of the deep marsh, populated with bulrush sedge and cattail plants.	[ "The", "north", "and", "south", "flow", "train", "(", "Figure", "8", ",", "graphs", "A", "and", "C", ")", "show", "an", "initial", "decline", "in", "the", "total", "N", "through", "the", "first", "cells", "of", "the", "deep", "marsh", ",", "populated",...	[ 0, 21, 0, 21, 53, 54, 0, 39, 40, 0, 39, 40, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 7, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 35, 36, 0 ]
915	This initial decline is not observed in the central flow path (Figure 8, graph B) because the samples were not collected near the site of the deep marsh but sampled the inflow and cypress dome and later sites.	[ "This", "initial", "decline", "is", "not", "observed", "in", "the", "central", "flow", "path", "(", "Figure", "8", ",", "graph", "B", ")", "because", "the", "samples", "were", "not", "collected", "near", "the", "site", "of", "the", "deep", "marsh", "but"...	[ 0, 45, 46, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 17, 18, 0, 39, 40, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
916	The ammonia concentrations at those sites are higher than the inflow concentrations for all flow paths.	[ "The", "ammonia", "concentrations", "at", "those", "sites", "are", "higher", "than", "the", "inflow", "concentrations", "for", "all", "flow", "paths", "." ]	[ 0, 7, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 49, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0 ]
917	This increase in ammonia and total nitrogen indicates the contribution of additional nutrients to the water from the wildlife, and the increasing ammonia in particular, is consistent with the microbial degradation of uric acid that is added to the water beyond the deep marsh.	[ "This", "increase", "in", "ammonia", "and", "total", "nitrogen", "indicates", "the", "contribution", "of", "additional", "nutrients", "to", "the", "water", "from", "the", "wildlife", ",", "and", "the", "increasing", "ammonia", "in", "particular", ",", "is", "c...	[ 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 33, 34, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0 ]

813

In more open waters, such as Lake Balaton in Hungary, bird droppings were still considered to be a potential source of eutrophication, even from only a few hundred nests [15].

[ "In", "more", "open", "waters", ",", "such", "as", "Lake", "Balaton", "in", "Hungary", ",", "bird", "droppings", "were", "still", "considered", "to", "be", "a", "potential", "source", "of", "eutrophication", ",", "even", "from", "only", "a", "few", "hundre...

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 21, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

814

For the research reported herein, the quantification of ammonia and uric acid at the inflow was used to determine the anthropogenic contribution of uric acid concentration in the wastewater that had persisted through the WWTP.

[ "For", "the", "research", "reported", "herein", ",", "the", "quantification", "of", "ammonia", "and", "uric", "acid", "at", "the", "inflow", "was", "used", "to", "determine", "the", "anthropogenic", "contribution", "of", "uric", "acid", "concentration", "in", ...

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 7, 8, 49, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0 ]

815

The stratified heterogeneous sampling of the water throughout the flow train of the park allowed the quantification of ammonia and uric acid added due to animal (non-anthropogenic) sources.

[ "The", "stratified", "heterogeneous", "sampling", "of", "the", "water", "throughout", "the", "flow", "train", "of", "the", "park", "allowed", "the", "quantification", "of", "ammonia", "and", "uric", "acid", "added", "due", "to", "animal", "(", "non-anthropogenic...

[ 0, 29, 30, 30, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 53, 54, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 29, 0, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0 ]

816

A variety of uric acid quantification methods are presently published.

[ "A", "variety", "of", "uric", "acid", "quantification", "methods", "are", "presently", "published", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

817

Early in the 20th century, colorimetric methods were published to quantify uric acid in the blood of human medical patients in an effort to diagnose gout [16].

[ "Early", "in", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "colorimetric", "methods", "were", "published", "to", "quantify", "uric", "acid", "in", "the", "blood", "of", "human", "medical", "patients", "in", "an", "effort", "to", "diagnose", "gout", "[", "16", "]", "." ...

[ 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 35, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

818

Spectrophotometric methods were subsequently refined [17] and more recently, sensitive enzyme-based fluorescence methods have been published [18].

[ "Spectrophotometric", "methods", "were", "subsequently", "refined", "[", "17", "]", "and", "more", "recently", ",", "sensitive", "enzyme-based", "fluorescence", "methods", "have", "been", "published", "[", "18", "]", "." ]

[ 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

819

Fluorescence methods are more sensitive than spectrophotometric methods and were therefore used in this study.

[ "Fluorescence", "methods", "are", "more", "sensitive", "than", "spectrophotometric", "methods", "and", "were", "therefore", "used", "in", "this", "study", "." ]

[ 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 15, 0 ]

820

In addition to uric acid concentration data, the total nitrogen and total phosphorous levels were obtained by the Iron Bridge WWTP in-house laboratory, along with the bird counts obtained within a week of the water sampling dates to determine if any correlation existed between uric acid and the amount of wildlife inhab...

[ "In", "addition", "to", "uric", "acid", "concentration", "data", ",", "the", "total", "nitrogen", "and", "total", "phosphorous", "levels", "were", "obtained", "by", "the", "Iron", "Bridge", "WWTP", "in-house", "laboratory", ",", "along", "with", "the", "bird",...

[ 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 49, 0, 0, 0, 49, 7, 0, 49, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

821

An analysis of avian, fish, and alligator excreta was also conducted to determine the uric acid additions to the wetlands.

[ "An", "analysis", "of", "avian", ",", "fish", ",", "and", "alligator", "excreta", "was", "also", "conducted", "to", "determine", "the", "uric", "acid", "additions", "to", "the", "wetlands", "." ]

[ 0, 29, 0, 35, 0, 35, 0, 0, 35, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 ]

822

The time frame reported herein extends from September 2017 to March 2018, and includes a sampling immediately following an extreme weather event, Hurricane Irma, in September 2017.

[ "The", "time", "frame", "reported", "herein", "extends", "from", "September", "2017", "to", "March", "2018", ",", "and", "includes", "a", "sampling", "immediately", "following", "an", "extreme", "weather", "event", ",", "Hurricane", "Irma", ",", "in", "Septemb...

[ 55, 56, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0 ]

823

OEW receives the WWTP effluent and distributes it throughout a 4.9 km2 area partitioned into seventeen cells.

[ "OEW", "receives", "the", "WWTP", "effluent", "and", "distributes", "it", "throughout", "a", "4", ".", "9", "km2", "area", "partitioned", "into", "seventeen", "cells", "." ]

[ 11, 0, 0, 37, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 49, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0 ]

824

The influent water divides and follows three main paths (referred to as North, Central, and South, see Figure 2 at the influent control structure.

[ "The", "influent", "water", "divides", "and", "follows", "three", "main", "paths", "(", "referred", "to", "as", "North", ",", "Central", ",", "and", "South", ",", "see", "Figure", "2", "at", "the", "influent", "control", "structure", "." ]

[ 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 0, 17, 0, 0, 17, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 53, 54, 54, 0 ]

825

The water flows under gravity with its flow rate restricted by water control structures and berms to maintain an approximately 30 day residence in the wetland.

[ "The", "water", "flows", "under", "gravity", "with", "its", "flow", "rate", "restricted", "by", "water", "control", "structures", "and", "berms", "to", "maintain", "an", "approximately", "30", "day", "residence", "in", "the", "wetland", "." ]

[ 0, 5, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 53, 54, 54, 0, 17, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 ]

827

Therefore, a stratified heterogeneous sampling procedure was employed to characterize the variation in uric acid.

[ "Therefore", ",", "a", "stratified", "heterogeneous", "sampling", "procedure", "was", "employed", "to", "characterize", "the", "variation", "in", "uric", "acid", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]

828

Similar approaches were used along the central and south flow paths.

[ "Similar", "approaches", "were", "used", "along", "the", "central", "and", "south", "flow", "paths", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 21, 53, 54, 0 ]

829

Water near a roosting site (labeled Rookery in Figure 2, pictured in Figure 3) near the outflow canal, and a cypress dome (pictured in Figure 3) which serves as a habitat for birds, were sampled from a boat.

[ "Water", "near", "a", "roosting", "site", "(", "labeled", "Rookery", "in", "Figure", "2", ",", "pictured", "in", "Figure", "3", ")", "near", "the", "outflow", "canal", ",", "and", "a", "cypress", "dome", "(", "pictured", "in", "Figure", "3", ")", "whic...

[ 5, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 21, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0 ]

830

At the time of the sample collection, the pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature of the water were measured.

[ "At", "the", "time", "of", "the", "sample", "collection", ",", "the", "pH", ",", "conductivity", ",", "dissolved", "oxygen", ",", "and", "temperature", "of", "the", "water", "were", "measured", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 56, 56, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0 ]

831

The dates of collection were, 17 September 2017, 1 December 2017, and 1 March 2018.

[ "The", "dates", "of", "collection", "were", ",", "17", "September", "2017", ",", "1", "December", "2017", ",", "and", "1", "March", "2018", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0 ]

832

The September 2017 sampling date occurred 7 days following Hurricane Irma, which passed over central Florida as a category 1 hurricane on 11 September 2017.

[ "The", "September", "2017", "sampling", "date", "occurred", "7", "days", "following", "Hurricane", "Irma", ",", "which", "passed", "over", "central", "Florida", "as", "a", "category", "1", "hurricane", "on", "11", "September", "2017", "." ]

[ 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 21, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0 ]

833

An Amplex™ Red Uric Acid/Uricase Assay Kit from Molecular Probes was used to prepare the solutions for the fluorescence measurements.

[ "An", "Amplex", "™", "Red", "Uric", "Acid", "/", "Uricase", "Assay", "Kit", "from", "Molecular", "Probes", "was", "used", "to", "prepare", "the", "solutions", "for", "the", "fluorescence", "measurements", "." ]

[ 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 0, 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0 ]

834

Solutions to conduct the enzymatic assay were frozen at −20 °C when not in use.

[ "Solutions", "to", "conduct", "the", "enzymatic", "assay", "were", "frozen", "at", "−", "20", "°", "C", "when", "not", "in", "use", "." ]

[ 7, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

835

A 10 mM solution of Amplex Red was created by dissolving 0.26 mg Amplex Red in 100 µL DMSO.

[ "A", "10", "mM", "solution", "of", "Amplex", "Red", "was", "created", "by", "dissolving", "0", ".", "26", "mg", "Amplex", "Red", "in", "100", "µL", "DMSO", "." ]

[ 0, 49, 50, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 7, 8, 0, 49, 50, 7, 0 ]

836

A 100 U/mL of solution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was prepared by dissolving 20 U of HRP in 200 µL of a reaction buffer at pH 7.2.

[ "A", "100", "U", "/", "mL", "of", "solution", "of", "horseradish", "peroxidase", "(", "HRP", ")", "was", "prepared", "by", "dissolving", "20", "U", "of", "HRP", "in", "200", "µL", "of", "a", "reaction", "buffer", "at", "pH", "7", ".", "2", "." ]

[ 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 49, 50, 0, 7, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0 ]

837

The buffer was composed of 0.5 M Tris-HCl and 5 mM CaCl2.

[ "The", "buffer", "was", "composed", "of", "0", ".", "5", "M", "Tris-HCl", "and", "5", "mM", "CaCl2", "." ]

[ 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 7, 0, 49, 50, 7, 0 ]

838

The uricase enzyme (10 U) was dissolved in 100 µL of deionized H2O to create a 100 U/mL solution.

[ "The", "uricase", "enzyme", "(", "10", "U", ")", "was", "dissolved", "in", "100", "µL", "of", "deionized", "H2O", "to", "create", "a", "100", "U", "/", "mL", "solution", "." ]

[ 0, 7, 8, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 39, 7, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 7, 0 ]

839

An enzymatic reaction mixture was prepared using 50 µL of the Amplex Red solution, 20 µL of the HRP solution, 20 µL of the uricase solution, and 4.91 mL of the reaction buffer.

[ "An", "enzymatic", "reaction", "mixture", "was", "prepared", "using", "50", "µL", "of", "the", "Amplex", "Red", "solution", ",", "20", "µL", "of", "the", "HRP", "solution", ",", "20", "µL", "of", "the", "uricase", "solution", ",", "and", "4", ".", "91"...

[ 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 7, 8, 7, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 7, 7, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 7, 7, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]

840

The avian, fish, and alligator excreta samples were analyzed using the same enzymatic assay but required prior preparation.

[ "The", "avian", ",", "fish", ",", "and", "alligator", "excreta", "samples", "were", "analyzed", "using", "the", "same", "enzymatic", "assay", "but", "required", "prior", "preparation", "." ]

[ 0, 35, 0, 35, 0, 0, 35, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

841

For these samples, a small quantity of dry, frozen excreta was ground with a pestle and mortar, and added to 100 mL of a 0.1 M arginine buffer (pH = 9.3).

[ "For", "these", "samples", ",", "a", "small", "quantity", "of", "dry", ",", "frozen", "excreta", "was", "ground", "with", "a", "pestle", "and", "mortar", ",", "and", "added", "to", "100", "mL", "of", "a", "0", ".", "1", "M", "arginine", "buffer", "("...

[ 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 39, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 7, 8, 0, 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 0, 0 ]

842

The solutions were mixed for 1 h and then the particulates settled under gravity.

[ "The", "solutions", "were", "mixed", "for", "1", "h", "and", "then", "the", "particulates", "settled", "under", "gravity", "." ]

[ 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 45, 0 ]

843

Water samples and extracted excreta samples were filtered using Whatman #43 filter paper, and 50 µL of each sample was placed in a cell on the microplate.

[ "Water", "samples", "and", "extracted", "excreta", "samples", "were", "filtered", "using", "Whatman", "#", "43", "filter", "paper", ",", "and", "50", "µL", "of", "each", "sample", "was", "placed", "in", "a", "cell", "on", "the", "microplate", "." ]

[ 7, 8, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 39, 0 ]

844

A deionized water blank, and a 20 mM H2O2 solution (positive control) were dispensed in separate microplate cells, and the uric acid standard solutions (1–10 µM) were also placed in microplate cells.

[ "A", "deionized", "water", "blank", ",", "and", "a", "20", "mM", "H2O2", "solution", "(", "positive", "control", ")", "were", "dispensed", "in", "separate", "microplate", "cells", ",", "and", "the", "uric", "acid", "standard", "solutions", "(", "1", "–", ...

[ 0, 39, 7, 19, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 7, 7, 0, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 7, 8, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]

845

The enzyme reaction mixture (50 µL) was added to all the standard solutions and samples, and the data recordings were taken after the solutions were incubated at 37 °C for 30–40 min with the enzyme mixture before analysis.

[ "The", "enzyme", "reaction", "mixture", "(", "50", "µL", ")", "was", "added", "to", "all", "the", "standard", "solutions", "and", "samples", ",", "and", "the", "data", "recordings", "were", "taken", "after", "the", "solutions", "were", "incubated", "at", "...

[ 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 46, 0, 55, 56, 56, 56, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 29, 0 ]

846

The total nitrogen and ammonia concentrations in wetland surface water were measured using the total Kjeldahl nitrogen method and colorimetric analysis, respectively.

[ "The", "total", "nitrogen", "and", "ammonia", "concentrations", "in", "wetland", "surface", "water", "were", "measured", "using", "the", "total", "Kjeldahl", "nitrogen", "method", "and", "colorimetric", "analysis", ",", "respectively", "." ]

[ 0, 49, 7, 0, 7, 49, 0, 5, 6, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0 ]

847

Quantification was performed by a local government laboratory in the city of Orlando, using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods.

[ "Quantification", "was", "performed", "by", "a", "local", "government", "laboratory", "in", "the", "city", "of", "Orlando", ",", "using", "Environmental", "Protection", "Agency", "(", "EPA", ")", "methods", "." ]

[ 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 29, 0 ]

849

The instrument was operated in fluorescence mode, with an excitation wavelength of 510 nm and an emission wavelength 590 nm.

[ "The", "instrument", "was", "operated", "in", "fluorescence", "mode", ",", "with", "an", "excitation", "wavelength", "of", "510", "nm", "and", "an", "emission", "wavelength", "590", "nm", "." ]

[ 25, 26, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 45, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 45, 49, 49, 50, 0 ]

850

The excitation bandwidth was 9 nm and the emission bandwidth was 20 nm, with an integration time of 5 ms.

[ "The", "excitation", "bandwidth", "was", "9", "nm", "and", "the", "emission", "bandwidth", "was", "20", "nm", ",", "with", "an", "integration", "time", "of", "5", "ms", "." ]

[ 0, 45, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 45, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 55, 56, 0 ]

851

The measurements made by the Iron Bridge in-house laboratory included the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and the colorimetric nitrate–nitrite analysis by approved Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods.

[ "The", "measurements", "made", "by", "the", "Iron", "Bridge", "in-house", "laboratory", "included", "the", "total", "Kjeldahl", "nitrogen", "(", "TKN", ")", ",", "and", "the", "colorimetric", "nitrate", "–", "nitrite", "analysis", "by", "approved", "Environmenta...

[ 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 37, 38, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 29, 0 ]

852

EPA 351.2 was used for the TKN, and EPA 353.2 was used for the NOx N. Uric acid in OEW surface waters was measured using the Amplex Red fluorimetric assay; the limit of detection for the assay was measured to be 0.2 ppm uric acid.

[ "EPA", "351", ".", "2", "was", "used", "for", "the", "TKN", ",", "and", "EPA", "353", ".", "2", "was", "used", "for", "the", "NOx", "N", ".", "Uric", "acid", "in", "OEW", "surface", "waters", "was", "measured", "using", "the", "Amplex", "Red", "flu...

[ 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 8, 0, 11, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 7, 8, 0 ]

853

The concentration profiles for the park are shown in Figure 4.

[ "The", "concentration", "profiles", "for", "the", "park", "are", "shown", "in", "Figure", "4", "." ]

[ 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0 ]

854

The average influent concentration for the three dates is 2.2 ± 1.2 ppm.

[ "The", "average", "influent", "concentration", "for", "the", "three", "dates", "is", "2", ".", "2", "±", "1", ".", "2", "ppm", "." ]

[ 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 49, 50, 50, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0 ]

855

The effluent concentration for each sampling date was below the limit of detection (i.e., below 0.2 ppm).

[ "The", "effluent", "concentration", "for", "each", "sampling", "date", "was", "below", "the", "limit", "of", "detection", "(", "i", ".", "e", ".", ",", "below", "0", ".", "2", "ppm", ")", "." ]

[ 0, 5, 49, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0 ]

856

The decrease in anthropogenic uric acid was noteworthy and indicated that the treatment in the wetlands was functioning as intended.

[ "The", "decrease", "in", "anthropogenic", "uric", "acid", "was", "noteworthy", "and", "indicated", "that", "the", "treatment", "in", "the", "wetlands", "was", "functioning", "as", "intended", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 39, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

857

In the case of the September 2017 measurements, for which sampling occurred within a week of a category 1 hurricane, the concentrations of uric acid at most sites following the inflow were below the limit of detection, with few exceptions.

[ "In", "the", "case", "of", "the", "September", "2017", "measurements", ",", "for", "which", "sampling", "occurred", "within", "a", "week", "of", "a", "category", "1", "hurricane", ",", "the", "concentrations", "of", "uric", "acid", "at", "most", "sites", "...

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 19, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

858

This is likely due to the large volume of rain that was flushed through the park during the storm event, simultaneously diluting the uric acid present in the cells and increasing the rate of effluent discharge.

[ "This", "is", "likely", "due", "to", "the", "large", "volume", "of", "rain", "that", "was", "flushed", "through", "the", "park", "during", "the", "storm", "event", ",", "simultaneously", "diluting", "the", "uric", "acid", "present", "in", "the", "cells", "...

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0 ]

859

Typically, 57 million liters per day are discharged, however, the average for September 2017 was 157 million liters per day.

[ "Typically", ",", "57", "million", "liters", "per", "day", "are", "discharged", ",", "however", ",", "the", "average", "for", "September", "2017", "was", "157", "million", "liters", "per", "day", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0 ]

860

The rainfall resulting from that storm event can be compared to the average rainfall data for the preceding two years and for the following year, shown in Figure 5A.

[ "The", "rainfall", "resulting", "from", "that", "storm", "event", "can", "be", "compared", "to", "the", "average", "rainfall", "data", "for", "the", "preceding", "two", "years", "and", "for", "the", "following", "year", ",", "shown", "in", "Figure", "5A", ...

[ 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]

861

Conversely, the rainfall during the months of the December 2017 and March 2018 were much lower, near 5 cm.

[ "Conversely", ",", "the", "rainfall", "during", "the", "months", "of", "the", "December", "2017", "and", "March", "2018", "were", "much", "lower", ",", "near", "5", "cm", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0 ]

862

Given the presence of wildlife in the park, one of the aims of this project was to determine if uric acid contributed by animal excreta could be quantified in the water.

[ "Given", "the", "presence", "of", "wildlife", "in", "the", "park", ",", "one", "of", "the", "aims", "of", "this", "project", "was", "to", "determine", "if", "uric", "acid", "contributed", "by", "animal", "excreta", "could", "be", "quantified", "in", "the",...

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0 ]

863

Evidence of animal uric acid can be seen at several sites in the plots in Figure 4.

[ "Evidence", "of", "animal", "uric", "acid", "can", "be", "seen", "at", "several", "sites", "in", "the", "plots", "in", "Figure", "4", "." ]

[ 19, 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0 ]

864

For both the September 2017 and December 2017 data, the majority of the sites do not contain quantities of uric acid measurable by the methods used.

[ "For", "both", "the", "September", "2017", "and", "December", "2017", "data", ",", "the", "majority", "of", "the", "sites", "do", "not", "contain", "quantities", "of", "uric", "acid", "measurable", "by", "the", "methods", "used", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 55, 56, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0 ]

865

Notable exceptions include discrete regions such as 8× (deep marsh water control structure, north flow path) in September, and 13× (mixed marsh water control structure, north flow path) in December, where the concentrations of uric acid exceeded those of the preceding sites.

[ "Notable", "exceptions", "include", "discrete", "regions", "such", "as", "8", "×", "(", "deep", "marsh", "water", "control", "structure", ",", "north", "flow", "path", ")", "in", "September", ",", "and", "13", "×", "(", "mixed", "marsh", "water", "control"...

[ 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 53, 54, 54, 54, 54, 0, 17, 18, 18, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 53, 54, 54, 54, 54, 0, 17, 18, 18, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]

866

The March 2018 data show considerably higher concentrations of uric acid due to non-anthropogenic sources, especially along the central and south flow path.

[ "The", "March", "2018", "data", "show", "considerably", "higher", "concentrations", "of", "uric", "acid", "due", "to", "non-anthropogenic", "sources", ",", "especially", "along", "the", "central", "and", "south", "flow", "path", "." ]

[ 0, 55, 56, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 21, 17, 18, 0 ]

867

Importantly, by the time the water reaches the outfall canal (HS10), the concentrations are once again below the limit of detection.

[ "Importantly", ",", "by", "the", "time", "the", "water", "reaches", "the", "outfall", "canal", "(", "HS10", ")", ",", "the", "concentrations", "are", "once", "again", "below", "the", "limit", "of", "detection", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 17, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0 ]

868

Uric acid was quantified in the excreta from reptiles (Alligator mississippiensis, collected from site 8×), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, collected from site 18C), and avian guano (unknown species, scraped from leaves in the cypress dome).

[ "Uric", "acid", "was", "quantified", "in", "the", "excreta", "from", "reptiles", "(", "Alligator", "mississippiensis", ",", "collected", "from", "site", "8", "×", ")", ",", "largemouth", "bass", "(", "Micropterus", "salmoides", ",", "collected", "from", "site"...

[ 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 35, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 22, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 35, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0 ]

869

The uric acid composition of each was found to be 0.439%, 0.972%, and 5.5% by dry mass, respectively.

[ "The", "uric", "acid", "composition", "of", "each", "was", "found", "to", "be", "0", ".", "439", "%", ",", "0", ".", "972", "%", ",", "and", "5", ".", "5", "%", "by", "dry", "mass", ",", "respectively", "." ]

[ 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0 ]

870

Given these percentages, the avian excreta in particular seem likely contributors to the uric acid added to the wetland.

[ "Given", "these", "percentages", ",", "the", "avian", "excreta", "in", "particular", "seem", "likely", "contributors", "to", "the", "uric", "acid", "added", "to", "the", "wetland", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 35, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 ]

871

To assess the likelihood waterfowl increasing the uric acid, two avian specialists volunteered to conduct a ground survey of the birds present in the wetland.

[ "To", "assess", "the", "likelihood", "waterfowl", "increasing", "the", "uric", "acid", ",", "two", "avian", "specialists", "volunteered", "to", "conduct", "a", "ground", "survey", "of", "the", "birds", "present", "in", "the", "wetland", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 35, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 49, 41, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 ]

872

Each survey occurred at sunrise when roosting birds leave the cypress dome.

[ "Each", "survey", "occurred", "at", "sunrise", "when", "roosting", "birds", "leave", "the", "cypress", "dome", "." ]

[ 0, 29, 0, 0, 55, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0 ]

873

The bird counts and identities were estimated by one bird specialist and independently confirmed by a second.

[ "The", "bird", "counts", "and", "identities", "were", "estimated", "by", "one", "bird", "specialist", "and", "independently", "confirmed", "by", "a", "second", "." ]

[ 0, 35, 49, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0 ]

874

The species of birds present and their estimated numbers are shown in Figure 6.

[ "The", "species", "of", "birds", "present", "and", "their", "estimated", "numbers", "are", "shown", "in", "Figure", "6", "." ]

[ 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]

875

In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency published bird count data [19] for wading birds that were collected from low altitude aerial surveys.

[ "In", "1993", ",", "the", "Environmental", "Protection", "Agency", "published", "bird", "count", "data", "[", "19", "]", "for", "wading", "birds", "that", "were", "collected", "from", "low", "altitude", "aerial", "surveys", "." ]

[ 0, 55, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 19, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0 ]

878

It is apparent from the data from 34 years preceding the data in Figure 6, that the average number of wading birds per hectare has risen dramatically.

[ "It", "is", "apparent", "from", "the", "data", "from", "34", "years", "preceding", "the", "data", "in", "Figure", "6", ",", "that", "the", "average", "number", "of", "wading", "birds", "per", "hectare", "has", "risen", "dramatically", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 19, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

879

Given that the previous study was conducted within 6 years of the OEW conversion from cattle pasture to wetland, it is perhaps not surprising that the wildlife numbers immediately following the construction would be low initially but rise over the intervening years.

[ "Given", "that", "the", "previous", "study", "was", "conducted", "within", "6", "years", "of", "the", "OEW", "conversion", "from", "cattle", "pasture", "to", "wetland", ",", "it", "is", "perhaps", "not", "surprising", "that", "the", "wildlife", "numbers", "i...

[ 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 11, 12, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0 ]

880

In the 1993 report, there was seasonal variation in the bird count that varied by more than a factor of 4 (55 wading birds counted in May 1992 and 267 in Oct 1991), while a similar seasonal variation was also observed for the more recent data reported herein.

[ "In", "the", "1993", "report", ",", "there", "was", "seasonal", "variation", "in", "the", "bird", "count", "that", "varied", "by", "more", "than", "a", "factor", "of", "4", "(", "55", "wading", "birds", "counted", "in", "May", "1992", "and", "267", "in...

[ 0, 0, 55, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 35, 36, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 49, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0 ]

881

It is noteworthy from Figure 6 that the largest number of birds present was counted at the time of the December sampling, when transient migratory birds were more likely to be present in the subtropical climate.

[ "It", "is", "noteworthy", "from", "Figure", "6", "that", "the", "largest", "number", "of", "birds", "present", "was", "counted", "at", "the", "time", "of", "the", "December", "sampling", ",", "when", "transient", "migratory", "birds", "were", "more", "likely...

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 29, 0, 0, 39, 39, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 53, 54, 0 ]

882

However, surprisingly, December uric acid samples did not show the highest UA concentrations.

[ "However", ",", "surprisingly", ",", "December", "uric", "acid", "samples", "did", "not", "show", "the", "highest", "UA", "concentrations", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 7, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 49, 0 ]

883

The March bird count data show the fewest numbers of birds, and yet also present the highest consistent concentrations of uric acid.

[ "The", "March", "bird", "count", "data", "show", "the", "fewest", "numbers", "of", "birds", ",", "and", "yet", "also", "present", "the", "highest", "consistent", "concentrations", "of", "uric", "acid", "." ]

[ 0, 55, 19, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]

884

There may be several contributing variables to this disparity.

[ "There", "may", "be", "several", "contributing", "variables", "to", "this", "disparity", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

885

One possibility may be that the March sampling data included the highest number of cormorants, piscivorous water birds which have been reported to excrete high concentrations of uric acid below their roost [14].

[ "One", "possibility", "may", "be", "that", "the", "March", "sampling", "data", "included", "the", "highest", "number", "of", "cormorants", ",", "piscivorous", "water", "birds", "which", "have", "been", "reported", "to", "excrete", "high", "concentrations", "of",...

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 19, 20, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 35, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

886

A contributing scenario is likely the presence of reptilian and fish species, with excrement-containing uric acid.

[ "A", "contributing", "scenario", "is", "likely", "the", "presence", "of", "reptilian", "and", "fish", "species", ",", "with", "excrement-containing", "uric", "acid", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 35, 35, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 0 ]

887

Other confounding factors include the solubility of uric acid as a function of temperature and pH, discussed in the following paragraphs.

[ "Other", "confounding", "factors", "include", "the", "solubility", "of", "uric", "acid", "as", "a", "function", "of", "temperature", "and", "pH", ",", "discussed", "in", "the", "following", "paragraphs", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 23, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 23, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

888

The effect of solubility on concentrations of UA, particularly as a rationale for the low concentration of uric acid in the surface waters when the transient bird populations are higher and water temperatures are colder (December data, Figure 4), was investigated.

[ "The", "effect", "of", "solubility", "on", "concentrations", "of", "UA", ",", "particularly", "as", "a", "rationale", "for", "the", "low", "concentration", "of", "uric", "acid", "in", "the", "surface", "waters", "when", "the", "transient", "bird", "populations...

[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 35, 36, 36, 0, 0, 0, 5, 49, 0, 0, 0, 55, 19, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

889

The precipitation and sedimentation of UA may be a rational for its low aqueous concentrations.

[ "The", "precipitation", "and", "sedimentation", "of", "UA", "may", "be", "a", "rational", "for", "its", "low", "aqueous", "concentrations", "." ]

[ 0, 27, 0, 45, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0 ]

890

The solubility of uric acid depends on its ionization state and the temperature of the solutions.

[ "The", "solubility", "of", "uric", "acid", "depends", "on", "its", "ionization", "state", "and", "the", "temperature", "of", "the", "solutions", "." ]

[ 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 7, 0 ]

891

The ionization is pH-dependent, with the un-ionized form exhibiting pKa 5.5, above which, the monobasic urate predominates.

[ "The", "ionization", "is", "pH-dependent", ",", "with", "the", "un-ionized", "form", "exhibiting", "pKa", "5", ".", "5", ",", "above", "which", ",", "the", "monobasic", "urate", "predominates", "." ]

[ 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 49, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0 ]

892

The monobasic form can be further ionized at higher pH, with pKa 10.3.

[ "The", "monobasic", "form", "can", "be", "further", "ionized", "at", "higher", "pH", ",", "with", "pKa", "10", ".", "3", "." ]

[ 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 49, 49, 50, 50, 0 ]

893

The fraction of the various forms of uric acid are shown in Figure 7.

[ "The", "fraction", "of", "the", "various", "forms", "of", "uric", "acid", "are", "shown", "in", "Figure", "7", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0 ]

894

The pH measured at the time of the water sampling varied throughout the wetland between 6.69 and 8.98, with an average pH of 7.4 ± 0.6 (see Figure 5B).

[ "The", "pH", "measured", "at", "the", "time", "of", "the", "water", "sampling", "varied", "throughout", "the", "wetland", "between", "6", ".", "69", "and", "8", ".", "98", ",", "with", "an", "average", "pH", "of", "7", ".", "4", "±", "0", ".", "6",...

[ 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 49, 49, 0, 49, 50, 50, 49, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0 ]

895

The pH of the water entering and exiting the wetland shows largely invariant values over time, with some small increase near the mixed marsh during the spring 2018 sampling, when aquatic vegetation (SAV) would be rapidly growing.

[ "The", "pH", "of", "the", "water", "entering", "and", "exiting", "the", "wetland", "shows", "largely", "invariant", "values", "over", "time", ",", "with", "some", "small", "increase", "near", "the", "mixed", "marsh", "during", "the", "spring", "2018", "sampl...

[ 0, 49, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 55, 56, 29, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

896

Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from water, which is in equilibrium with carbonic acid.

[ "Photosynthesis", "removes", "carbon", "dioxide", "from", "water", ",", "which", "is", "in", "equilibrium", "with", "carbonic", "acid", "." ]

[ 33, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]

897

The removal of CO2 tends to have the effect of slightly increasing the pH of the water.

[ "The", "removal", "of", "CO2", "tends", "to", "have", "the", "effect", "of", "slightly", "increasing", "the", "pH", "of", "the", "water", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 5, 0 ]

898

Within the measured pH range, the monobasic urate form represents at least 97% of the formal concentration of uric acid.

[ "Within", "the", "measured", "pH", "range", ",", "the", "monobasic", "urate", "form", "represents", "at", "least", "97", "%", "of", "the", "formal", "concentration", "of", "uric", "acid", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]

899

It is, therefore, the solubility of the basic form that is the most relevant to determining if precipitation is a major mechanism of the depletion of uric acid in solution.

[ "It", "is", ",", "therefore", ",", "the", "solubility", "of", "the", "basic", "form", "that", "is", "the", "most", "relevant", "to", "determining", "if", "precipitation", "is", "a", "major", "mechanism", "of", "the", "depletion", "of", "uric", "acid", "in"...

[ 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 45, 46, 0, 0, 45, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0 ]

900

They acknowledge the potential confusion caused by the use of the term, uric acid, to mean all the protonated and deprotonated forms of the species.

[ "They", "acknowledge", "the", "potential", "confusion", "caused", "by", "the", "use", "of", "the", "term", ",", "uric", "acid", ",", "to", "mean", "all", "the", "protonated", "and", "deprotonated", "forms", "of", "the", "species", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 39, 0, 0, 39, 0 ]

901

In this work, we similarly use the term uric acid to specify the formal concentration of all the protonated states.

[ "In", "this", "work", ",", "we", "similarly", "use", "the", "term", "uric", "acid", "to", "specify", "the", "formal", "concentration", "of", "all", "the", "protonated", "states", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 41, 0, 0, 0, 39, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]

902

𝐾𝑠𝑝=5120𝑒𝑥𝑝(1.09𝐼√−5700𝑇)Ksp=5120exp1.09I−5700T

[ "𝐾𝑠𝑝", "=", "5120𝑒𝑥𝑝", "(", "1", ".", "09𝐼", "√", "−", "5700𝑇", ")", "Ksp", "=", "5120exp1", ".", "09I", "−", "5700T" ]

[ 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24 ]

903

(1)

[ "(", "1", ")" ]

[ 0, 49, 0 ]

904

To obtain a theoretical value of monobasic urate solubility using equation (1), the ionic strength of the wetland water was first estimated from the electrical conductivity of the water that was measured at the time of sampling, which ranged from 414–536 μS/cm.

[ "To", "obtain", "a", "theoretical", "value", "of", "monobasic", "urate", "solubility", "using", "equation", "(", "1", ")", ",", "the", "ionic", "strength", "of", "the", "wetland", "water", "was", "first", "estimated", "from", "the", "electrical", "conductivity...

[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 7, 8, 49, 0, 23, 24, 24, 24, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0 ]

905

The linear relationship between conductivity and ionic strength, reported by Griffin and Jurinak [21], resulted in ionic strength conditions of 0.06–0.08 M. Therefore, under the temperature and ionic strength conditions measured at the wetland, the solubility of monobasic urate is calculated to range from 0.003 M–0.007...

[ "The", "linear", "relationship", "between", "conductivity", "and", "ionic", "strength", ",", "reported", "by", "Griffin", "and", "Jurinak", "[", "21", "]", ",", "resulted", "in", "ionic", "strength", "conditions", "of", "0", ".", "06", "–", "0", ".", "08",...

[ 0, 23, 24, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 41, 42, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50...

906

These solubilities are well above all of the concentrations of UA measured at the wetland, even for those colder temperatures for December 2017 sampling dates, so the loss of UA from the water is not likely to be due to precipitation and sedimentation.

[ "These", "solubilities", "are", "well", "above", "all", "of", "the", "concentrations", "of", "UA", "measured", "at", "the", "wetland", ",", "even", "for", "those", "colder", "temperatures", "for", "December", "2017", "sampling", "dates", ",", "so", "the", "l...

[ 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 33, 0 ]

907

One possible explanation for the removal of UA from wetland water is the presence of microorganisms [22] with the capability to degrade uric acid with the subsequent formation of ammonia.

[ "One", "possible", "explanation", "for", "the", "removal", "of", "UA", "from", "wetland", "water", "is", "the", "presence", "of", "microorganisms", "[", "22", "]", "with", "the", "capability", "to", "degrade", "uric", "acid", "with", "the", "subsequent", "fo...

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0 ]

908

Both aerobic [23] and anerobic [24] species of bacteria have been shown to decompose uric acid.

[ "Both", "aerobic", "[", "23", "]", "and", "anerobic", "[", "24", "]", "species", "of", "bacteria", "have", "been", "shown", "to", "decompose", "uric", "acid", "." ]

[ 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0 ]

909

Anaerobic bacteria have been shown to convert UA to xanthine, with the subsequent decomposition forming ammonia, formic acid, carbon dioxide and glycine.

[ "Anaerobic", "bacteria", "have", "been", "shown", "to", "convert", "UA", "to", "xanthine", ",", "with", "the", "subsequent", "decomposition", "forming", "ammonia", ",", "formic", "acid", ",", "carbon", "dioxide", "and", "glycine", "." ]

[ 35, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0 ]

910

Aerobic bacteria mineralize UA to allantoin, allantoic acid, urea and eventually, ammonia.

[ "Aerobic", "bacteria", "mineralize", "UA", "to", "allantoin", ",", "allantoic", "acid", ",", "urea", "and", "eventually", ",", "ammonia", "." ]

[ 35, 36, 0, 7, 0, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0 ]

912

Evidence for microbial degradation in the wetland could then be sought in the total nitrogen and ammonia concentrations.

[ "Evidence", "for", "microbial", "degradation", "in", "the", "wetland", "could", "then", "be", "sought", "in", "the", "total", "nitrogen", "and", "ammonia", "concentrations", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 49, 0 ]

913

Figure 8 shows the concentrations of total nitrogen and ammonia concentrations for the water sampled at the same sites, dates, and times where the water was collected for UA analysis.

[ "Figure", "8", "shows", "the", "concentrations", "of", "total", "nitrogen", "and", "ammonia", "concentrations", "for", "the", "water", "sampled", "at", "the", "same", "sites", ",", "dates", ",", "and", "times", "where", "the", "water", "was", "collected", "f...

[ 39, 40, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 7, 0, 7, 49, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 55, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0 ]

914

The north and south flow train (Figure 8, graphs A and C) show an initial decline in the total N through the first cells of the deep marsh, populated with bulrush sedge and cattail plants.

[ "The", "north", "and", "south", "flow", "train", "(", "Figure", "8", ",", "graphs", "A", "and", "C", ")", "show", "an", "initial", "decline", "in", "the", "total", "N", "through", "the", "first", "cells", "of", "the", "deep", "marsh", ",", "populated",...

[ 0, 21, 0, 21, 53, 54, 0, 39, 40, 0, 39, 40, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 7, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 35, 36, 0 ]

915

This initial decline is not observed in the central flow path (Figure 8, graph B) because the samples were not collected near the site of the deep marsh but sampled the inflow and cypress dome and later sites.

[ "This", "initial", "decline", "is", "not", "observed", "in", "the", "central", "flow", "path", "(", "Figure", "8", ",", "graph", "B", ")", "because", "the", "samples", "were", "not", "collected", "near", "the", "site", "of", "the", "deep", "marsh", "but"...

[ 0, 45, 46, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 17, 18, 0, 39, 40, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

916

The ammonia concentrations at those sites are higher than the inflow concentrations for all flow paths.

[ "The", "ammonia", "concentrations", "at", "those", "sites", "are", "higher", "than", "the", "inflow", "concentrations", "for", "all", "flow", "paths", "." ]

[ 0, 7, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 49, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0 ]

917

This increase in ammonia and total nitrogen indicates the contribution of additional nutrients to the water from the wildlife, and the increasing ammonia in particular, is consistent with the microbial degradation of uric acid that is added to the water beyond the deep marsh.

[ "This", "increase", "in", "ammonia", "and", "total", "nitrogen", "indicates", "the", "contribution", "of", "additional", "nutrients", "to", "the", "water", "from", "the", "wildlife", ",", "and", "the", "increasing", "ammonia", "in", "particular", ",", "is", "c...

[ 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 35, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 33, 34, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0 ]